1、facts are statements that hold constant and verifiable truth at a certain time point.
2、opinions are statements that reflect our ideas or attitudes about the subject being talked about.
3、arguments are statements of reasoning leading up to a conclusion.
4、“bananas are good for your health.” this is an argument.
5、“today is friday.” this is an opinion.
6、for an inductive argument, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
7、for a deductive argument, if the premises are true, the conclusion is more or less likely to be true.
8、a deductive argument features certainty, and an inductive argument features probability.
9、“xiao ming is chinese, and most chinese eat fish. therefore, xiao ming eats fish.” this is a deductive argument.
10、“jack and mary always hang out on sundays. today is sunday. jack and mary are hanging out.” this is a deductive argument.
14 organize a point of view 组织论点
第14单元测试
1、the basic three-part structure of argumentative writing includes introduction, body and conclusion.
2、the introduction includes a hook and a thesis statement.
3、the body paragraphs usually have three parts: topic sentence, support and wrap-up.
4、the conclusion has two parts: response to the thesis and so-what.
5、wrap-up is mandatory in a body paragraph.
6、quotation is one typical hook to open an argumentative essay.
7、calling for future actions is one typical hook to open an argumentative essay.
8、setting a scene is one typical hook to open an argumentative essay.
9、in the conclusion paragraph, we may restate the thesis statement in the opening paragraph;
10、in the conclusion paragraph, we may address possible opposing viewpoints.
15 highlight an argument 突出论证
第15单元测试
1、which of the following is an argumentative thesis? a、tigers live in forests. b、there are more tigers held in zoos than there are in the wild. c、tigers should not be kept in zoos because captivity affects their psychological and physical well-being. d、should tigers be kept in zoos?
2、which of the following is the strongest argumentative thesis? a、genetically modified foods have become a major concern of the society and have caused great controversy. b、while there may be economic benefits of growing genetically modified crops, there are negative health consequences for the people who consume them and for the farmers who produce them. c、this essay will discuss the health and safety issues as related to genetically modified foods. d、gm foods need to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction.
3、select the best revised thesis statement based upon the original one. in this paper, i will explore the topic of gaming in education. a、gaming in education is interesting. b、this essay will explore the values of gaming in education and call for its wide application. c、as a new generation of students enters college, it is time for eductors to use gaming to appeal to students and make learning more engaging. d、/
4、read the paragraph below. find the topic sentence: a) learning a second language can provide a deeper understanding a foreign culture. b) social habits that may not make sense to most outsiders might start to make more sense after a few vocabulary lessons. c) for example, i always wondered why my dutch cousins rarely said “you’re welcome” after i said “thank you”. d) my cousin can speak english but sometimes makes mistakes. e)at first i thought he was being rude, but when i learned more about his language i realized that they don’t use “you’re welcome” the same way we do: in response to “thank you”. f) they actually say something that translates to “if you please” when they offer you something. g) this is one of the first things i learned about dutch culture when i started to learn their language and it gave me a different perspective on the roles of the host and guest, since in dutch the onus to be polite is on the host, and not the guest as it seems to be in english. a、learning a second language can provide a deeper understanding a foreign culture. b、social habits that may not make sense to most outsiders might start to make more sense after a few vocabulary lessons. c、for example, i always wondered why my dutch cousins rarely said “you’re welcome” after i said “thank you”. d、my cousin can speak english but sometimes makes mistakes. e、at first i thought he was being rude, but when i learned more about his language i realized that they don’t use “you’re welcome” the same way we do: in response to “thank you”. f、they actually say something that translates to “if you please” when they offer you something. g、this is one of the first things i learned about dutch culture when i started to learn their language and it gave me a different perspective on the roles of the host and guest, since in dutch the onus to be polite is on the host, and not the guest as it seems to be in english.
5、read the paragraph below. find the irrelevant sentence. a) learning a second language can provide a deeper understanding a foreign culture. b) social habits that may not make sense to most outsiders might start to make more sense after a few vocabulary lessons. c) for example, i always wondered why my dutch cousins rarely said “you’re welcome” after i said “thank you”. d) my cousin can speak english but sometimes makes mistakes. e)at first i thought he was being rude, but when i learned more about his language i realized that they don’t use “you’re welcome” the same way we do: in response to “thank you”. f) they actually say something that translates to “if you please” when they offer you something. g) this is one of the first things i learned about dutch culture when i started to learn their language and it gave me a different perspective on the roles of the host and guest, since in dutch the onus to be polite is on the host, and not the guest as it seems to be in english. a、learning a second language can provide a deeper understanding a foreign culture. b、social habits that may not make sense to most outsiders might start to make more sense after a few vocabulary lessons. c、for example, i always wondered why my dutch cousins rarely said “you’re welcome” after i said “thank you”. d、my cousin can speak english but sometimes makes mistakes. e、at first i thought he was being rude, but when i learned more about his language i realized that they don’t use “you’re welcome” the same way we do: in response to “thank you”. f、they actually say something that translates to “if you please” when they offer you something. g、this is one of the first things i learned about dutch culture when i started to learn their language and it gave me a different perspective on the roles of the host and guest, since in dutch the onus to be polite is on the host, and not the guest as it seems to be in english.
6、choose the best topic sentence for the following paragraph. ____________. for example, a person can have breakfast in new york, board an airplane, and have dinner in paris. a businesswoman in london can instantly place an order with a factory in hong kong by sending a fax. furthermore, a schoolboy in tokyo can turn on a tv and watch a baseball game being played in los angeles. a、technology has made people’s life more convenient. b、advances in technology have made the world smaller. c、technology has enriched people’s life. d、/
7、choose the appropriate conjunct to complete the sentence. john has a talent as a dancer; ________ he is a successful singer. a、owing to b、now that c、moreover d、in addition to
8、choose the appropriate conjunct to complete the sentence. a firm might sometimes sell at a loss to drive a competitor out of business, and _________ increase its market power. a、despite b、as a consequence c、thereby d、in order to
9、choose the appropriate conjunct to complete the sentence. some of the studies show positive results, _________ others do not. a、whereas b、on the other hand c、on the contrary d、whenever
10、tick (√)the correct inforamtion about topic sentences. a topic sentence is: a、at or near the start of the paragraph. b、at the end of the paragraph. c、the main idea of the paragraph. d、the main idea of the whole essay. e、made up of fatual details. f、made up of a topic and the writer’s assertion.
16 do closed-form writing规范式论说文写作
第16单元测试
1、which of the following may not be used in argumentative essays to convince readers? a、statistics b、personal beliefs c、personal experiences d、logical reasoning
2、which of the following arguments is against reality tv shows? a、reality shows expose us to different perspectives and cultures. b、people on reality shows have fun experiences and meet new people. c、talented people are discovered in reality shows. d、some competitions are very difficult or even dangerous.
3、select the supporting detail that doesn’t fit. topic sentence: animal testing is expensive. a、the prices of animals themselves can be exorbitant. b、some drugs tested may never be used for anything useful. c、animal testing may occur more than once and over the course of months. d、the feeding, housing, caring of animals as well as treatment with drugs all incur expenses.
4、select the supporting detail that doesn’t fit. topic sentence: tourism promotes cross-cultural understanding and goodwill. a、huge hotels and skyscrapers built for tourists have ruined areas of unspoilt beauty. b、tourism can create civic pride by encouraging cultivation and sharing of local customs and cultures. c、personal exchanges between hosts and guests can foster better cultural understanding. d、open spaces and national parks are good for replenishing both body and soul.
5、which supporting detail best supports this topic sentence? jessica is qualified for the job because she has the leadership. a、she has donated money to help poor kids in rural areas. b、she works for over ten hours every day. c、she likes to socialize with different people. d、her strategies and decisions have helped the company through the financial crisis.
6、a) early childhood education programs provide cognitive benefits well beyond preschool. b) recent studies that compare student test scores show that children who are exposed to structured learning activities outside the home environment are better able to adapt to formalized instruction in grades kindergarten through third grade than children who remain at home. c) this is particularly true among children from low-income families and children whose parents have a limited proficiency in english. d) children living in states that do not provide early childhood programs, on the other hand, lag behind their peers. e) state and local governments must continue to bridge the achievement gap so that students may reach their full potential at an early age. which sentence(s) give(s) illustration? ___________ a、a) early childhood education programs provide cognitive benefits well beyond preschool. b、b) recent studies that compare student test scores show that children who are exposed to structured learning activities outside the home environment are better able to adapt to formalized instruction in grades kindergarten through third grade than children who remain at home. c、c) this is particularly true among children from low-income families and children whose parents have a limited proficiency in english. d、d) children living in states that do not provide early childhood programs, on the other hand, lag behind their peers. e、e) state and local governments must continue to bridge the achievement gap so that students may reach their full potential at an early age.
7、in the following extract on the effect of television on children’s health, which sentence(s) serve(s) as warrant? a、tv is a bad influence on kids, because children who watch more tv are more likely to be overweight. b、for example, researchers klesges, shelton, and klesges found that while watching television, the metabolic rate is slower than when just resting. c、this implies that an individual would burn fewer calories watching tv than when simply sitting silently, doing nothing. d、in addition, numerous tv ads encourage unhealthy consumption habits. e、two-thirds of the 20,000 television ads a normal kid sees every year are for food, and most are for high-sugar foods. f、after-school television ads target youngsters with ads for unhealthy foods and beverages, such as fast food and sugary drinks. g、this evidence shows that kids who watch more tv are more likely to be overweight.
8、which pieces of the evidence below are relevant to the essay topic on the economic effects of tobacco use? a、unicef estimates that over 200 million children aged under 5 years in low income countries are malnourished, and the malnutrition contributes to about 6 million deaths among these children each year. b、the total domestic output arising from the activities of the tobacco industry was valued at $8 billion. c、analysis of us expenditure data show that the average us smoker spends over $700 a year on tobacco products, which for the average us family comprises a large proportion of discretionary spending. d、crop substitution is often proposed as a means to reduce the tobacco supply, but there is scarcely any evidence that it reduces consumption, since the incentives to farmers to grow tobacco are currently much greater than for most other crops.
9、choose two supporting sentences for this topic sentence: passing on breakfast is anything but productive, especially for teenagers. a、skipping breakfast leads to weight gain. b、kids who skip breakfast become distracted easily in class. c、eating breakfast may enhance one’s memory. d、breakfast tastes great.
10、read the following paragraph. a) early childhood education programs provide cognitive benefits well beyond preschool. b) recent studies that compare student test scores show that children who are exposed to structured learning activities outside the home environment are better able to adapt to formalized instruction in grades kindergarten through third grade than children who remain at home. c) this is particularly true among children from low-income families and children whose parents have a limited proficiency in english. d) children living in states that do not provide early childhood programs, on the other hand, lag behind their peers. e) state and local governments must continue to bridge the achievement gap so that students may reach their full potential at an early age. which sentence (s) offer(s) expansion and explanation? ___________ a、early childhood education programs provide cognitive benefits well beyond preschool. b、recent studies that compare student test scores show that children who are exposed to structured learning activities outside the home environment are better able to adapt to formalized instruction in grades kindergarten through third grade than children who remain at home. c、this is particularly true among children from low-income families and children whose parents have a limited proficiency in english. d、children living in states that do not provide early childhood programs, on the other hand, lag behind their peers. e、state and local governments must continue to bridge the achievement gap so that students may reach their full potential at an early age.
17 use evidence使用证据
第17单元测试
1、please identify what type of evidence is used: the scene was entirely out of control. i was standing only ten feet away from the president, who was walking through the crowds on the sidewalk of jefferson ave., when the incident occurred. before i knew what was happening, a tall man, wearing a ski mask and a dark leather jacket, ran up beside the president, took out what seemed to be an uzi, and fired three rounds into his skull. immediately all hell broke loose; people were scurrying everywhere, looking for shelter. a、statistics b、analogy c、eyewitness d、textual evidence
2、please identify what type of evidence is used: not only are non-english-speaking students in english-only schools unable to understand the information they are supposed to be learning, but also they are subject to frequent embarrassment and teasing from their classmates. without the use of spanish, unable to communicate with the teacher or students, for six weeks we guessed at everything we did. when we lined up to go anywhere, neither my sister nor i knew what to expect. once, the teacher took the class on a bathroom break, and i mistakenly thought we were on our way to the cafeteria for lunch. before we left, i grabbed our lunch money, and one of the girls in line began sneering and pointing. somehow she figured out my mistake before i did. when i realized why she was laughing, i became embarrassed and threw the money into my sister’s desk as we walked out the classroom. a、textual evidence b、an anecdote c、statistics d、analogy
3、please identify what type of evidence is used: harold mcconnel, who has been working with and designing railroad tracks for the past three decades, after examining the scene of the accident at the train station, came to the conclusion that someone had tampered with the track and had bent it out of shape. this, in turn, led to the collision of the two passenger trains on wednesday. a、expert testimony b、eyewitness testimony c、an anecdote d、statistics
4、please identify what type of evidence is used: every tuesday and friday evening sees miss li, my neighbor and a secretary of a company, rush home after a busy day’s work, gulp down her meal, and then hurry out to catch the bus for her english class. miss li’s case is not unique, and now more and more city adults spend their leisure time trying to improve themselves at school or college. a、eyewitness testimony b、expert testimony c、an example d、analogy
5、please identify what type of evidence is used: according to the school’s policy, students with disability are exempted from the pe tests. therefore, the attempt to make physical performance a prerequisite for academic diplomas is unfair to disabled students. a、textual evidence b、expert testimony c、analogy d、statistics
6、please choose one appropriate expression for illustration: some animals can migrate to cooler areas. ___________ is the bird, which can move easily. a、for example b、let's say c、a case in point d、such as
7、please choose one appropriate expression for illustration: my plants, __________trees, will find it difficult to move to wetter regions in the north. a、by way of illustration b、as an illustration c、for example d、such as
8、please choose one appropriate expression for illustration: when you do not pay attention, you bump into tables, chairs, doorways, __________. a、you name it b、let's say c、case d、to illustrate
9、please identify the logical fallacy: my classmate says her college history class is difficult. it happens that mine is also difficult. then all college history classes are hard to learn. a、personal attack b、false analogy c、hasty generalization d、red herring
10、please identify the logical fallacy: “you may think that he cheated on the test, but look at the poor little thing! how would he feel if you made him sit it again?” a、begging the question b、personal attack c、bandwagon appeal d、red herring
18 cause-effect relationship因果关系
第18单元测试
1、in the following sentence, which is the ultimate cause? sally prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client, impressed the client, and therefore made a very large sale. a、impressing the client b、making a very large sale c、preparing extensively for a meeting with an important client d、meeting with an important client
2、what rhetorical mode is adopted in the following paragraph? online computer services are having the effect of changing how the world communicates. no longer do people have to go to their local libraries to find reading materials; online services can connect users to a blinding array of reading possibilities. one result is that people can now peek into library holdings all around the world. encyclopedias don’t need to take up shelf space: they can be found online, just like newspapers and magazine articles. the abbreviated language that has developed around email is changing language itself, thereby making the information superhighway an entirely separate method of communicating, different from standard talking or writing. consequently, new standards of literacy are popping up as well: can you read what’s on the internet? a、cause b、effect c、comparison d、contrast
3、overeating, which has become a national pastime for millions of americans, has several roots. for example, parents who are concerned by whether their children get enough to eat during the growing years to overfeed them and thereby establish an overeating habit in their lifetime. the child who is constantly praised for cleaning his plate experiences a sort of gratification later on as he cleans all too many plates. the easy availability of so much food is a constant temptation for many people, especially the types of food served at fast food restaurants and merchandised in the frozen food departments of supermarkets. but many people don’t need temptation from the outside; their overeating arises from such psychological factors as nervousness, boredom, loneliness, insecurity, an overall discontent with life, or an aversion to exercise. thus, overeating can actually be a symptom of psychological surrender to or withdrawal from, the complexities and competition of modern life. a、cause b、effect c、comparison d、contrast
4、can you choose the appropriate effect for the following statement? prescription drug abuse is a possible cause of ___________________. a、better immune systems b、prolonged illness c、poor immunity against diseases d、longer life
5、can you choose the appropriate cause for the following statement? women tend to live longer than men owing to ___________________. a、better immune systems b、prolonged illness c、poor immunity against diseases d、longer life
6、which expression indicates the immediate effect? a、as a result b、hence c、accordingly d、therefore
7、choose an appropriate expression to fill in the blank. the treatment is delayed. _________ his gets the illness prolonged. a、hence b、accordingly c、therefore d、as a result
8、choose an appropriate expression to fill in the blank. two out of five acet clients in scotland are women and ________ we anticipate an increase in the number of children needing care. a、as a result b、therefore c、consequently d、thus
9、what fallacy is found in the following statements? after elvis presley’s death, oil prices in the united states rose precipitously. presley caused the gas prices to skyrocket. a、slippery slope b、begging the question c、post hoc d、red herring
10、what fallacy is found in the following statements? i can’t be guilty of embezzlement; i’m an honest person. a、slippery slope b、begging the question c、post hoc d、red herring
19 comparison and contrast 比较和对比
第19单元测试
1、a comparison and contrast paragraph or essay can be organized by either a block method or a slice method. what method is used in the following paragraph? my hometown and my college town have several things in common. first, my hometown is a small town. it has a population of only about 10,000 people. located in a rural area, it is surrounded by farmland which is mainly for growing corn and soybeans. as for my college town, it is small too, having a population of about 11,000 local residents. like my hometown, it lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle. a、block method b、slice method c、/ d、/
2、a comparison and contrast paragraph or essay can be organized by either a block method or a slice method. what method is used in the following paragraph? boston and detroit are completely different cities. one difference is that boston is small in that its mero area has about 1 million people, while detroit is large with its metro area having about 4 million people. another difference is that boston is old with its history dating back to the colonial period, whereas detroit is young and mostly a twentieth century city. their third difference lies in culture. boston has a quaint and sophisticated culture well-known for ballet, symphony, and museums; in contrast, detroit boasts a raw and urban culture known for motown music. a、block method b、slice method c、/ d、/
3、choose the appropriate expression to complete the sentence below. japanese-style conversation, __________, is not at all like tennis or volleyball. it is like bowling. you wait your turn. a、like b、however c、in the same way d、similar to
4、choose the appropriate expression to complete the sentence below. many women feel it natural to consult with their partners at every turn, ___________ many men automatically make many decisions without consulting with their partners. a、instead of b、in contrast to c、yet d、like
5、choose the appropriate expression to complete the sentence below. the road runner is rather expensive to maintain. the speed demon, _______________, is quite economical. a、contrarily b、unlike c、similarly d、likewise
6、choose the appropriate expression to complete the sentence below. ____________ paying $1,400 per year to keep the car running, the owner of a speed demon only has to pay $ 600, which is significantly less. a、one difference b、like c、in the same way d、instead of
7、_______________ between my brothers is that one is short and small while the other looks like an american boxer. a、rather than b、instead of c、one difference d、while
8、_________________ my younger brother, my elder brother is more patient and always wears the smile of an ancient chinese philosopher. a、similar to b、on contrary to c、similarly d、rather than
9、comparison and contrast is only used to inform.
10、the following statement about contrast is to argue. gardening in an organic way is safer than using pesticides for pest control.
20 rebuttal驳论
第20单元测试
1、in the situations below, which is regarded as a good argument? a、verifiable statements of fact b、issues of faith or belief c、arguable claims that reasonable people may disagree about d、matters of simple opinion or personal taste
2、in the following four statements, please choose an effective thesis statement. a、there are eight planets in the solar systems. b、why should every college student be required to study a foreign language? c、the question of whether we need a national law governing the minimum age to drink alcohol is a controversial issue in many countries. d、contrary to common sense, wearing a helmet while riding a bicycle increases the chances of injury, at least to adult riders.
3、in the following four statements, please choose an effective thesis statement. a、nuclear power should be banned as an energy source in our country. b、i believe that it is possible that the increasing number of cars could have a negative influence on traffic. c、i don’t like to take courses that are held in big lecture classes at this school. d、high school athletes shouldn’t have to maintain a “b” or better grade-point average in every subject to participate in school sports, and the value of sports for some students is often overlooked.
4、in the following statements, choose one that is qualified appropriately. a、television discourages communication. families watching television do very little talking except for brief exchanges during commercials. b、television discourages communication. most families watching television do very little talking except for brief exchanges during commercials. c、television discourages communication. many families watching television do very little talking except for brief exchanges during commercials. d、television discourages communication. few families watching television do very little talking except for brief exchanges during commercials.
5、in the following statements, choose one that is qualified appropriately. a、adolescence is the most extreme period in the life of an individual. teenagers, due to the influence of hormone, get themselves in trouble. b、adolescence could be the most extreme period in the life of an individual. teenagers, due to the influence of hormone, get themselves in trouble. c、adolescence might be the most extreme period in the life of an individual. teenagers, due to the influence of hormone, get themselves in trouble. d、adolescence is probably the most extreme period in the life of an individual. teenagers, due to the possible influence of hormone, get themselves in trouble.
6、a logical fallacy is the breakdown of the logical thinking process. please identify it in the statement below. are we going to increase the number of mounted police in the park, or are we going to abandon it to the homeless, to the drug dealers, and to the robbers? a、either-or b、hasty generalization c、bandwagon appeal d、begging the question.
7、please identify the logical fallacy in the statement below. my opponent doesn’t support handgun legislation because he is a coward who is interested more in his own safety than the well-being of defenseless women and children. a、faulty authority b、red herring c、personal attack d、post hoc
8、please identify the logical fallacy in the statement below. my mathematics professor stated, “the teaching of history in this country has reached such a low ebb that students don’t have the minimum understanding of america’s past.” a、slippery slope b、faulty authority c、false analogy d、either-or
9、the following argument involves acknowledging and refuting other viewpoints. which part is the other viewpoint? choose an appropriate answer. the probing of outer space has proved, and will still prove, crucial to us. as for the money spent on space programs, it is indeed enormous. but if we could stop all the wars on earth, there would be much more money than we could afford for the present and future space programs. all in all, the probing of outer space is one of the greatest missions man has ever set himself. a、the probing of outer space has proved, and will still prove, crucial to us. b、as for the money spent on space programs, it is indeed enormous. c、but if we could stop all the wars on earth, there would be much more money than we could afford for the present and future space programs. d、all in all, the probing of outer space is one of the greatest missions man has ever set himself.
10、the following argument involves acknowledging and refuting other viewpoints. which part is the author’s refutation? choose an appropriate answer. the probing of outer space has proved, and will still prove, crucial to us. as for the money spent on space programs, it is indeed enormous. but if we could stop all the wars on earth, there would be much more money than we could afford for the present and future space programs. all in all, the probing of outer space is one of the greatest missions man has ever set himself. a、the probing of outer space has proved, and will still prove, crucial to us. b、as for the money spent on space programs, it is indeed enormous. c、but if we could stop all the wars on earth, there would be much more money than we could afford for the present and future space programs. d、all in all, the probing of outer space is one of the greatest missions man has ever set himself.