1、choose the most elaborated topic for research. a、china b、chinese history c、history of qing dynasty d、emperor qian long and his times
2、you’d better choose the topic that ______________. (多选) a、you have interest b、you have some previous knowledge c、you don’t know enough without doing additional research d、has practical relationships and involves something new
1.2 academic reading随堂测验
1、if you want to repeat the research process, you can find the information in the ___________. a、introduction b、methods c、results d、discussion
2、rearrange the order of the statements for reading the sources 1) read the titles and abstracts 2) identify the article's argument and take notes 3) read also the related literature 4) find the important article 5) read the whole article a、4, 1, 5, 3, 2 b、4, 1, 5, 2, 3 c、1, 4, 5, 2, 3 d、1, 4, 5, 3, 2
1.3 literature search随堂测验
1、which of the following is not academic databases? a、university libraries b、factiva c、international publishers such as springer, routledge, wiley d、wos, scopus, or cnki
2、what can we search in wos or cnki? a、monographs b、research articles c、news reports d、patents
1.4 endnote bibliography management随堂测验
1、which of the following options is the function of endnote? a、automatically check spelling and grammar in a document b、edit tables and figures c、manage references d、synchronise reading notes from different devices
2、which of the following ways cannot import references to endnote? a、manual editing b、export from cnki c、export from wos d、copy paste from references lists in word or pdf files
2. plagiarism, paraphrase and summary
2.1 plagiarism随堂测验
1、what behavior is not plagiarism? a、turning in one’s own previous work b、containing significant parts of text from a single source c、mixing copied materials from multiple sources d、paraphrasing from multiple sources with citations
2、including citations to non-existent or inaccurate sources is considered as serious plagiarism.
2.2 paraphrase随堂测验
1、paraphrasing is to restate a sentence in another form to make it easier to understand. it is an effective way to avoid plagiarism.
2、when paraphrasing a sentence, we can use a , change , change , change , turn from active voice to or vice versa, change from positive to and vice versa. （答案请用逗号隔开）
2.3 summary随堂测验
1、(多选) when summarizing the whole article, we can a、skim the text, noting the subheadings b、read the text, highlighting important information or taking notes. c、write down the main points of each section in your own words and try to write a one-sentence summary of each section. d、write down the key support points for the main topic as well as other minor details.
2、summarizing deals with almost all information while paraphrasing covers only the most important information.
test 1 (unit 1&2)
1、choose the most elaborated topic. a、workers in china b、migrant workers in china c、the rights of migrant workers in china d、laws to protect the rights of migrant workers in china
2、which of the following is false? a、plagiarism means to steal (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own. b、novice writers may sometimes commit plagiarism unintentionally. c、it is forbidden to turn in one’s own previous work. d、mixing copied materials from multiple sources is acceptable.
3、how to paraphrase? put the following steps into correct order. 1) write the paraphrase in your own style. 2) don't look at the original text and rewrite it in your own words. check that you have included the main points and essential information. 3) read the original source carefully. it is essential that you understand it fully 4). identify the main point(s) and key words. a、4321 b、3421 c、4312 d、3412
4、choose the appropriate summary the amphibia, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads belong, were the first animals to crawl from the sea and inhabit the earth. a、the first animals to leave the sea and live on dry land were the amphibia. b、frogs and toads belong to the animal class amphibia. c、 d、
5、read the following two paraphrases and decide which paraphrase is better. 来源https://www.academic-englishuk.com/paraphrasing a、student paraphrase a b、student paraphrase b c、 d、
6、assessing a paraphrase for plagiarism: read the texts below and then answer the questions that follow. original text traditionally, in oral and written discourses, the masculine pronoun ‘he’ was used as a pronoun to refer to a person whose gender was unknown or irrelevant to the context. recently, this usage has come under criticism for supporting gender-based stereotypes and is increasingly considered inappropriate (reference). (adapted from wikipedia) paraphrase 1 paraphrase 2 if the gender of a person was not known or was unimportant to the meaning of oral or written discourses, it was customary to use the masculine form of ‘he’ when a pronoun was required. in modern usage, however, there has been growing concern about this practice because it appears to privilege stereotypes based on gender (reference). in oral and written discourses, it has been traditional to use the masculine ‘he’ as a pronoun to refer to an individual whose gender was not known or irrelevant to the context. increasingly, in recent times, this usage has been criticized for supporting gender-based stereotypes that are considered inappropriate (reference). 来源https://aso-resources.une.edu.au/academic-writing-course/information-basics/paraphrasing-authors/ which one is a better paraphrase? a、paraphrase 1 is better. b、paraphrase 2 is better. c、 d、
7、阅读题 read the short research paper written by students and answer the following questions. potassium ion and transglutaminase linked gelatin-carrageenan mixture as a fat substitute abstract: in food industry, fat substitute is an effective way to address the worldwide obesity problem in food industry. different kinds of compounds have been developed and applied as fat substitute. gelatin-carrageenan mixture with enzymatic and ionic crossing linkage is a potential fat substitute due to a possible fine texture. however, few research has been conducted on this mixture as a food substitute. in this study, we use hardness as a main parameter to evaluate the mixture. the results show that gelatin-carrageenan mixture with transglutaminase and potassium crossing linkage is an ideal fat substitute due to adjustable texture. the hardness is significantly increased by both ionic and enzymatic crossing linkage. keyword: gelatin, carrageenan, fat substitute 1. introduction interpenetrating polymer network refers to large molecules with nonchemical-bond linkage. in recent years, much focus has been paid on the development of novel mixture with ipn structure, especially in the hydrogel filed (myung et al., 2008). research by wen, lu, & li, (2014) has proved that gelatin-carrageenan mixture can form an ipn structure with the help of transglutaminase. high-fat food is associated with potential health risk. to solve this problem, fat substitute is introduced in food industry (mendoza, garcia, casas, & selgas, 2001). fat substitute refers to certain chemicals that resemble fat in flavor and texture but provide zero or low calories, which has been a research focus in food science in recent years. typical fat substitute include olestra, sala trim, carbohydrate-based and protein-based chemicals (casimir and decker, 1995). however, few research of carbohydrate-protein mixture fat substitute has been conducted. in this study, we modified the gel-forming method of wen, lu, & li, (2014), and detected the texture of the mixture under different conditions to evaluate the mixture as a fat substitute. 2. materials and methods 2.1 materials gelatin from porcine skin (vetec™ reagent grade, type a, powder, gel strength ~300 g bloom) and κ-carrageenan (sulfated plant polysaccharide) were both acquired from sigma-aldrich®. transglutaminase (tg) was bought from jiangsu yiming biological co., ltd. potassium chloride was bought from sinopharm chemical reagent co., ltd. when it comes to the equipment, ta.xtplus texture analyzer from stable micro systems was used for texture analysis. another equipment we utilized was a magnetic stirrer with heating and ceramic heating plate, which was magnetic stirrers c-mag hs 7 from ika®. 2.2 preparation of gelatin-carrageenan mixtures on account of the considerable differences in thermal property between gelatin and carrageenan, we firstly dissolved a certain amount of gelatin in a water bath at 55 degrees celsius; in another water bath at 90 degrees celsius, we dissolved a certain amount of carrageenan mixed with a certain amount of kcl solution. after both gelatin and carrageenan were completely dissolved, we put the carrageenan solution in a 55-60 degrees celsius water bath to cool it down, while a certain amount of tg enzyme was added to the dissolved gelatin solution. finally, the gelatin solution and the carrageenan solution were mixed and incubated at 55 degrees celsius in the dark. 2.3 texture analysis texture profile analysis (tpa) is wide accepted and applied in terms of texture analysis (martinez, salmerón, guillén, & casas, 2004). to analyze the texture of the previously prepared gelatin-carrageenan mixtures, we utilized its hardness as an index, which was defined as the maximum force applied on the gels that broke its surface. on the texture analyzer, a cylindrical probe (p/0.5) was used and the tpa test method was selected. the test conditions varied in different periods of the test, which can be clearly shown in table 1. table 1 test conditions in different test periods period speed(mm/s) depth(mm) pre-test 2.0 - testing 0.5 2.0 post-test 3.0 - 3. results and discussion 3.1 ratio of carrageenan and gelatin carrageenan: gelatin fig.1 influence of the ratio of carrageenan and gelatin on the hardness of the mixture in the exploration of processing gelatin-carrageenan mixtures, we carried out a large number of different experiments on different ratios and finally selected the ratio of 5:4, 1:1 and 4:5 (carrageenan-gelatin). numerous experiments also showed that the overall hardness of the gelatin-carrageenan mixtures decreased with the decrease of carrageenan content, which was mainly due to the higher hardness of carrageenan. meanwhile, as shown in the fig.1, in the same experiments, a higher portion of carrageenan was found to result in a higher local concentration in the mixture. thus the gel formed so early that the homogeneity of the targeted mixture was poor. besides, an excessive portion of gelatin decreased the hardness of products, widening the contradiction with the structure of real animal fat, so the products were not ideal substitute for fat. 3.2 transglutaminase amount of tg (mg) fig.2 influence of the amount of transglutaminase the results in fig.2 showed the addition of tg enzyme could significantly raise the hardness of the mixture. that was mainly because tg enzyme could catalyze the formation of isopeptide bond n-e-(c-glutamyl)–lysine between two gelatin molecules. yet, a number of experiments showed that a threshold existed in the amount of tg enzyme, when the saturation concentration was surpassed, no remarkable increase in hardness was found. 3.3 potassium ions concentration of k (mmol/l) fig.3 influence of the amount of potassium ions as is depicted in fig.3, there was a sharp contrast between the blank and those with different concentrations, which illustrated that the addition of kcl solution could enhance the hardness of the mixture. the introduction of monovalent cation could suppress the electrostatic repulsion by binding to the surface of the helix and also balance the negative charge of semi ester sulphate group, thus allowing gelation of the mixture. however, once the concentration reached the concentration of 15mmol/l, hardness of the mixture remained almost unchanged, and the hardness decreased slightly after getting to 30mmol/l. in theory, the main reason for this phenomenon was that the concentration of kcl had reached the threshold, and the introduction of excessive ions loosened the structure by the exclusion of the same charge, which led to the decrease in hardness. to understand the reasons behind this phenomenon, further research is needed. 4. conclusion in conclusion, both transglutaminases and potassium ions have a significant influence on the hardness of the gel mixture in the ipn system. the hardness of the mixture can also be adjusted by different ratio of gelatin and carrageenan, which comes in useful when fat substitute with different hardness are needed in the food industry. however, this study analyze the utility of the mixed gel as a fat substitute only in terms of hardness. to evaluate this mixture in length, further study including sensory evaluation, water holding ability and nutrition value. besides, a controlled trial should be conducted when the substitute is applied in food product (campagnol, dos santos, wagner, terra, & rodrigues pollonio, 2012). reference campagnol, p. c. b., dos santos, b. a., wagner, r., terra, n. n., rodrigues pollonio, m. a. (2012). amorphous cellulose gel as a fat substitute in fermented sausages. meat science, 90(1), 36-42. casimir c. akoh, dr. eric a. decker (1995) lipid‐based fat substitutes, critical reviews in food science & nutrition, 35:5, 405-430, martinez, o., salmerón, j., guillén, m. d., casas, c. (2004). texture profile analysis of meat products treated with commercial liquid smoke flavourings. food control, 15(6), 457-461. mendoza, e., garcia, m. l., casas, c., selgas, m. d. (2001). inulin as fat substitute in low fat, dry fermented sausages. meat sci, 57(4), 387-393. myung, d., waters, d., wiseman, m., duhamel, p., noolandi, j., ta, c. n., et al. (2008). progress in the development of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. polymers for advanced technologies, 19(6), 647-657. wen, c., lu, l., li, x. (2014). enzymatic and ionic crosslinked gelatin/k-carrageenan ipn hydrogels as potential biomaterials. journal of applied polymer science, 131(21). 17. what is the topic of the paper? a、obesity problem in food industry b、worldwide obesity problem nowadays c、potassium ion and transglutaminas d、gelatin-carrageenan mixture as a fat substitute
8、how is the main body of the research paper organized? a、introductionàmaterials and methodsàresults and discussionàconclusion b、abstractàintroductionàconclusionàreferences c、abstractà materials and methods à results and discussionàconclusion d、introductionàmaterials and methodsàresults and discussionà references
9、what is the purpose of the research? a、try to address the worldwide obesity problem in food industry. b、try to refers to large molecules with nonchemical-bond linkage. c、try to use typical fat substitute include olestra, sala trim, carbohydrate-based and protein-based chemicals. d、try to detected the texture of the mixture under different conditions to evaluate the mixture as a fat substitute.
10、what is the procedure of preparing the mixture? 1)put the carrageenan solution in a 55-60 degrees celsius water bath. 2)incubate at 55 degrees celsius in the dark. 3)dissolved a certain amount of gelatin and carrageenan with kcl solution in water bath. 4)add a certain amount of tg enzyme to the dissolved gelatin solution while cooling. 5)mix the gelatin solution and the carrageenan solution. a、32154 b、13524 c、31452 d、13254
11、which of the following is not the finding of the research? a、gelatin-carrageenan mixture with transglutaminase and potassium crossing linkage is an ideal fat substitute. b、few research has been conducted on gelatin-carrageenan mixture as a food substitute. c、the addition of kcl solution could enhance the hardness of the mixture. d、the addition of tg enzyme could significantly raise the hardness of the mixture.
12、where can you find the analysis or explanation of the findings? a、in introduction b、in materials and methods c、in results and discussion d、in conclusion
13、a good summary______________. a、covers all detailed information. b、expresses the same meaning as the original text. c、synthesizes the writer’s key ideas. d、presents the information neutrally.
14、what strategies are used in the paraphrase? original: in the past thirty years, the country has changed greatly. paraphrase: the country has seen a significant change in the past 30 years. a、use a synonym b、change the part of speech c、change the structure the order of the sentence d、turn from active voice to passive voice
15、which of the following statements about the paraphrase are correct? original: we do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body. (source: siegel, b. (1986). love, medicine and miracles (p. 69). new york: harper and row.) paraphrase: siegel (1986) writes that we still do not know all the ways in which brain chemistry is related to emotions and thoughts, but the important point is that our mental state has an immediate and direct effect on our physical state. 来源https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/academic-writing/avoiding-plagiarism-paraphrasing a、the writer has kept the same exact sentence structure. b、the writer had only substituted synonyms in certain places; in others the wording is exactly the same as that of the original. c、the writer mentions the original source in the introductory phrase, therefore it is not plagiarism. d、even though the writer mentions the original source in the introductory phrase, the result is plagiarism.
16、plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.
17、submitting someone else's work as your own is considered the most serious plagiarism and definitely forbidden.
18、if you have already used your own words to express an idea from the source material, it is not considered plagiarism even though you don’t give citations.
19、when you summarize, you must be careful not to copy the exact wording of the original source, so is it with paraphrase.
20、endnote can automatically update citations and bibliography.
21、original: the developed world should contribute greatly so that human beings can survive in the future. paraphrase: the developed world should make great contributions for human survival in the future. here, “contribute” has been changed to “make contributions”. human is an adjective now, and “survive” has been changed to “survival”. we use the strategy-- change the __________.
22、_______of a paragraph means one paragraph will deal only with one main topic, and the beginning of a new paragraph signals that the writer is moving on to a new topic.
3. language
3.1 verbs and tenses随堂测验
1、(多选)which of the following verbs are frequently used in results? a、find b、use c、show d、say
2、for the methods parts, you usually use the past tense.
3.2 paragraph unity and completeness随堂测验
1、(多选)if there are two ideas in one paragraph, what can you do? a、add a topic sentence that can involve both the ideas b、leave it there because it is ok to have two topics in one paragraph c、add more information to make the paragraph more complete d、cut the paragraph in two, with each of them having a topic sentence
2、what wrong with the following paragraph? computer-assisted instruction is a relief to many teachers, and professors. it can effectively help in teaching. the teaching effect can be improved with the help of computer-assisted instruction. it is against paragraph _____.
3.3 corpus-coca随堂测验
1、use the chart function to view and determine the punctuation patterns for the transition word however in the concordance lines and check in which register it is mostly frequently used: a、spoken b、fiction c、newspaper d、academic
2、（多选）to complete a search for all forms of the word run, such as run, ran, running, you could select the list function and enter ___________in the search bar: a、[run] b、run* c、run d、run?
4. connection
4.1 old and new information principle随堂测验
1、which of the following two sentence combinations follows the old and new information principle? a、this framework aligns with models of engaged student learning prominent in the scholarship of teaching and learning. reinvigorating education by centering on acquiring knowledge and understanding, rather than fixating on grades is the aim of some contemporary approaches to teaching and learning. b、this framework aligns with models of engaged student learning prominent in the scholarship of teaching and learning. several contemporary approaches to teaching and learning aim to reinvigorate education by centering on acquiring knowledge and understanding, rather than fixating on grades. c、 d、
2、in order to achieve better understanding, you’d better put new information before the information your readers are familiar with.
4.2 key words, pronouns and determiners随堂测验
1、use a determiner to fill in the blank. friendships are an important source of support during adolescence. supportive friendships may model effective coping, demonstrate how to recruit and offer support, and foster well-being, while best friendships are especially intimate. ________ qualities suggest that adolescents’ close friendships may be a protective mechanism facilitating resilience. a、these b、those c、such d、both
2、which of the pronouns are suitable to fill in the following sentence? while we use a diagnostic created by clare gibson giraud, an organization development consultant, instructors can select from any trait diagnostics (such as mbti or disc) of _______ _______ are familiar. a、that we b、which they c、which we d、that they
4.3 transitions随堂测验
1、_____ is to show the similarity of subjects. a、comparing b、concluding c、restating d、opposing
2、use the appropriate transitions to fill in the blanks. at the conclusion of the program, students have carefully developed a plan of action to address a social challenge, and many express a desire to carry their plan forward. _____, they often struggle to do so during their spring semester, ______some opportunities offered by the college. a、moreover…without b、nevertheless…whereas c、in addition…in spite of d、however… despite
test 2 (unit 3&4)
1、what’s the problem with the following paragraph? adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry. ordinary people are no longer content to spend their two weeks away from the office resting on a sunny beach in florida. more and more often they are choosing to spend their vacations rafting down wild rivers, hiking through steamy rain forests, climbing the world’s highest mountains, or crossing slippery glaciers. actually, people of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations. a、against paragraph completeness b、against paragraph unity c、against the old and new information principle d、without any transition
2、which of the pronouns are suitable to fill in the following sentence. yet students find giving feedback, particularly to peers, highly uncomfortable and a process in ________ ________ are least skilled. for those two reasons, we provide two structured opportunities for feedback, at the midpoint and end of the swc program. a、that we b、which they c、which we d、that they
3、which of the following verb is frequently used in methods? a、find b、use c、show d、indicate
4、decide on the order of the following sentences. 1. finally, we consider whether this process differs according to sex, developmental stage, and perceived family support, such that boys exhibit comparatively weaker benefits from a supportive close friendship, associations differ between early adolescence and late adolescence, or adolescents with greater perceived family support demonstrate stronger associations between greater friendship quality and resilience processes. 2. extending current research, we use cross-sectional analyses to build a structural model of whether and how supportive close friendships may facilitate psychological resilience. 3. we then hypothesize that this relationship may be fully or partially explained through the identified suggested inter-related mediating mechanisms: self-esteem, self-efficacy, coping, risc, perceived stress, and friendship network support. 4. we first hypothesize that greater perceived friendship quality will be positively correlated with increased psychological resilience. a、1-3-4-2 b、4-3-1-2 c、2-4-3-1 d、4-2-3-1
5、foreign language has been shown to attenuate emotional response to words and phrases. for example, harris and colleagues found that childhood reprimands, such as “don't do that!”, evoked reduced skin conductance responses when they were read aloud in a foreign language. 13_________, a large questionnaire-based study has 14_________ that late bilinguals rated taboo words and swearwords as less emotional in a foreign language than in a native language. studies 15_________ that a foreign language facilitates people to discuss topics that are considered off-limits or taboo in their native language.16 _________, bond and lai 17_________ that chinese–english bilinguals spoke longer about embarrassing topics, 18_________ sexual attitudes, in a foreign language. 19_________, dewaele found that several uk-based multilinguals preferred using swearwords in a foreign language, stating that a foreign language allows them to escape from social and cultural restrictions. 20_________, some studies have failed to detect an attenuation of emotions. to reconcile these findings, harris and colleagues 21_________ that the relative emotionality of a foreign versus a native language depends on a complex interplay between age of acquisition, level of proficiency, and the emotional context 22_________ the foreign language is learned and used. 请选择第13题的答案。 a、moreover b、although c、however d、therefore
14、请选择第22题的答案。 a、in that b、in brief c、in addition d、in which
15、for discussion part, you can use which of the following tenses? a、past tense b、present tense c、present perfect tense d、present progressive tense
16、use coca to find out the collocations of the following words. the 3 most frequent verbs after “findings”: a、are/were b、suggest c、indicate d、reveal
17、use coca to find out the collocations of the following words the 3 most frequent adjectives before “increase”: a、significant b、great c、dramatic d、slight
18、past, present and present perfect tenses can all be used in the introduction or literature review of a research paper.
19、use a determiner to fill in the blank. self-constructs are influenced by sources including environment, family, and – increasingly in adolescence – peers (hay & ashman, 2003). individuals with high relational interdependent self-construal (risc) construct their self-concept in terms of significant relationships, roles, and social networks (cross, morris, & gore, 2002). ___________suggests that risc linked to a supportive friendship may facilitate resilience.
20、fill in the blanks with appropriate transitions from the bank. a. although b. first of all c. for example d. moreover e. in conclusion f. another g. therefore h. such as gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. 3_____________, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. 4____________, gold is suitable for jewelry, coins, an ornamental purposes. gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. 5____________, a macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. 6____________ important characteristics of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. for many years, gold has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, 7____________ photography and dentistry. the most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection when astronauts go outside spaceships in space. 8____________, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.” 请输入第3题答案 （填序号即可）
21、请输入第4题答案 （填序号即可）
22、请输入第5题答案 （填序号即可）
23、请输入第6题答案 （填序号即可）
24、请输入第7题答案 （填序号即可）
25、请输入第8题答案 （填序号即可）
5. title, thesis and outline
5.1 title随堂测验
1、it is essential to demonstrate the logical relationship between noun phrases in the title. the logical relationship can be shown by using appropriate between the noun phrases. a、conjunctions b、adjectives c、adverbs d、prepositions
2、how to formulate a good title? choose the correct statements. a、use a complex noun phrase instead of an active verb to emphasize the process or effect. b、when there is no simple answer, it can be effective to write the title as a question. c、if you cannot show the logic clearly, or if you want to emphasize the conclusion/alternatives/methods in the title, you can use “:” to introduce a subtitle. d、abbreviations should be avoided except for some commonly recognized ones.
5.2 thesis随堂测验
1、choose the correct statements. a thesis____________. a、establishes a boundary around the topic b、charts an orderly route for the paper c、restates briefly the main points of original source in your own words d、tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper
2、choose the correct statements. how to word the thesis? a、a thesis should contain phrases like “in my opinion” or “i think”. b、a thesis should be focused on a single idea. c、a thesis can be worded as a question. d、a thesis should not be worded in figurative language.
5.3 outline随堂测验
1、______ means headings of the same level are worded in similar grammatical form so that the clarity and readability of an outline are improved. a、parallelism b、coordination c、subordination d、division
2、______ means parent headings of an outline should represent topics that are more general and more important than sublevels under them. a、parallelism b、coordination c、subordination d、division
6. abstract and keywords
6.1 essentials of an abstract随堂测验
1、“using statistical approaches applied to hiv-1 sequence data from central africa … ”(source: nuno et al. , 2014. science) this sentence is about the _____. a、existing problem b、methods employed c、results or findings d、research background
2、reorder the following essentials of an abstract. （排序） a. existing problem b. conclusion from the research c. research background d. methods employed e. results or findings （请把字母排序，每个字母间用一个空格隔开）
6.2 sentence templates随堂测验
1、if we want to show that there is a problem against a certain research background, we can use a、(problems in certain research area) are …, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned because … b、this paper describes/presents … (the argument) within … (a theoretical context) c、based on the idea that …, we conducted the present study, categorized …, and evaluated … d、while (the debate on certain research subject) seems to …, (the present agreement) is still problematic.
2、“find, reveal, show, indicate, suggest” are frequently used verbs in results.
6.3 key words随堂测验
1、key words are the most repeated words or phrases in your paper.
2、there are usually ___-___key words(填数字), and they are mostly ______ (选填 phrases / single words). （三个答案之间请用一个空格隔开）
test 3 (unit 5&6)
1、what is the best title among the following 4 titles for a research paper? a、facilitating psychological resilience through boys’ and girls’ closest friendship b、the facilitation of psychological resilience c、boys’ and girls’ closest friendship d、friendship
2、the roman theater was inspired by the greek theater, which it imitated and eventually the romans produced great plays in their theatrons, such as those by plautus, who was the best roman comic writer because of his robustness and inventiveness. this is not a good thesis in that__________. a、it is not expressed as a complete sentence b、it is not focused on a single idea c、it is incoherent d、it is worded in figurative language
3、detailed information has been acquired by the authors using… this sentence can be use in an abstract to report the ______. a、background b、method c、result d、conclusion
4、find out what is missing in the following abstract. a total of 409 adolescents (160 boys, 245 girls, four unknown), aged between 11 and 19 years, completed self-report measures of close friendship quality, psychological resilience, social support, and other resources. findings revealed a significant positive association between perceived friendship quality and resilience. this relationship was facilitated through inter-related mechanisms of developing a constructive coping style (comprised of support-seeking and active coping), effort, a supportive friendship network, and reduced disengaged and externalising coping. while protective processes were encouragingly significantly present across genders, boys were more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of disengaged and externalizing coping than girls. we suggest that individual close friendships are an important potential protective mechanism accessible to most adolescents. we discuss implications of the resulting adolescent friendship and resilience model for resilience theories and integration into practice. a、background and problem (purpose) b、method c、result d、conclusion
5、choose the most appropriate answer to complete the following outline. 1. topic 1.1 what topic to choose 1.2 how to choose a topic 1.3 2. source materials 2.1 2.2 evaluating source materials 2.3 reading source materials a、elaborating a topic; how to use library database b、how to elaborate a topic; using library database c、example of how to elaborate a topic; usage of library database d、elaboration of a topic; the most popular databases
6、rearrange the order of sentences for the abstracts 1) students themselves can be trained to seek a connection between the lecture topics, their teaching/learning experience and other subjects. students can also come to the lecture prepared with their own personal goals and questions they would like to have addressed. 2) this paper, using a definition of interest proposed in the field of educational psychology, reports on the findings of a study conducted with a group of postgraduate students studying in an english language teacher education program at a new zealand university. 3)‘interest’ is a widely used term not only in language education but also in our everyday life. 4) the findings suggest that there are various situational and individual sources of interest that can be exploited. the topic and content of lectures seem to play a significant role in triggering student interest. interest in the topic can be triggered not only by what the lecturer does (situational factors) but also by what the student him/herself does (individual factors). 5) however, very little attempt has been made to investigate the nature of ‘interest’ in language teaching and learning. a、3-5-2-4-1 b、3-2-1-4-5 c、3-1-2-5-4 d、3-5-4-2-1
7、a research paper title can be________. a、a noun phrase b、a verb phrase c、a statement d、a question
8、the logical relationship in a title can be shown by_______ a、using “:” to introduce a subtitle. b、avoiding abbreviations. c、using a question. d、using appropriate prepositions between the noun phrases.
9、which items in the following outline are against parallelism? the application of confucius' teaching methods a、teachers should help students cultivate the habit of learning in an active way. b、giving students opportunities to practice what they have learned c、improving the ways of teaching so as to arouse students’ interest d、to increase elective courses to meet students' different interests
10、what are missing in the following abstract? the research article, among other academic genres, has attracted researchers’ attention over the past decades. although sections such as introduction, method, and results and discussion have been addressed in such studies, the mixed methods research (mmr) discussion genre remains underexplored. thus, the present study aimed at exploring the generic organizational patterns in applied linguistics mmr articles. a、background and problem (purpose) b、method c、result d、conclusion
11、to present findings and conclusion, we can use a、the results of the experiment indicate/suggest that … b、the analysis of the samples indicates that … c、the investigation/experiment varied by … and the results also revealed that … d、the procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as
12、while writing a title, you should avoid abbreviations, such as usa or wto.
13、subordination means items at the same level must be equivalent in importance and derived from the same organizing principle.
14、different research papers might have different structures/outlines but the main components are always the same, that is, the (1)_____of research background and purposes, the (2)_____employed in the research, the (3)_____obtained from the research, the (4)____of the findings, and the (5)_____of the whole paper. （请填第1题答案）
15、（请填第2题答案）
16、（请填第3题答案）
17、（请填第4题答案）
18、（请填第5题答案）
19、rearrange the order of the following sentences. 1) the study uses a checklist as a tool for real-time measurement of student interest during four lectures observed. 2) this paper, using a definition of interest proposed in the field of educational psychology, reports on the findings of a study conducted with a group of postgraduate students studying in an english language teacher education program at a new zealand university. 3) students themselves can be trained to seek a connection between the lecture topics, their teaching/learning experience and other subjects. students can also come to the lecture prepared with their own personal goals and questions they would like to have addressed. 4) the findings suggest that there are various situational and individual sources of interest that can be exploited. the topic and content of lectures seem to play a significant role in triggering student interest. interest in the topic can be triggered not only by what the lecturer does (situational factors) but also by what the student him/herself does (individual factors). 5) however, very little attempt has been made to investigate the nature of ‘interest’ in language teaching and learning. 6)‘interest’ is a widely used term not only in language education but also in our everyday life. （排序题，请按顺序将以上六个数字序号进行排序，格式：1-2-3-4-5-6）
20、rearrange the order of sentences for the abstract. 1）a random sample of freshman and sophomore students was invited to participate in an online survey on eating behaviors. ordinary least squares regressions were fit to 148 complete responses to examine the association between family income ≤200% of the federal poverty level and overall, healthy, and unhealthy food consumption. 2）disparities in diets for students from different socioeconomic backgrounds that were observed in the freshman year of college were absent in the sophomore year. awareness of these disparities and trend is important to broadly promote healthy eating. 3）to investigate the existence and trajectory of diet disparities among college students from different socioeconomic statuses (sess). 4）low-ses students reported eating significantly more unhealthy food during their freshman year than their non−low-ses peers. this difference is not statistically significant for second-year students and robust to on-campus spending power. （格式示例：1-2-3-4）
7. introduction
7.1 three moves in an introduction随堂测验
1、in the ___ move, why this research is important and interesting can be shown. a、first b、second c、third d、
2、while results are indispensable in an abstract, they are usually not included in an introduction.
7.2 details about each move随堂测验
1、in the first move, you are supposed to a、introduce the topic b、refer to previous studies c、show the topic’s importance d、point out the gap on the topic
2、in the second move, you can establish a niche by finding something contradictory or deficient in the previous studies.
7.3 sentence templates随堂测验
1、in which move of the introduction can the following sentences be used? 1. the nature of …… remains unclear. a、1 b、2 c、3 d、
2、the purpose of this investigation is to explore…… a、1 b、2 c、3 d、
3、in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ….. a、1 b、2 c、3 d、
8. method and result
8.1 method: quantitative and qualitative随堂测验
1、methods section can involve _________. a、study design b、participants or materials c、instruments d、data collection and analysis
2、two types of methods mentioned in our lecture are 1) ____method and 2) ____method. （两个答案之间请用一个空格隔开）
8.2 results: tables and figures随堂测验
1、in result section, you can cite a figure from some other research.
2、when you are more concentrating on overall pattern instead of individual data values, you can use a ___——(选填table / figure).
8.3 analysis of examples随堂测验
1、the first sentence is the general description of what the table or figure is about.
2、when you report the details of the table, you have to describe everything listed in the table.
test 4 (unit 7&8)
1、when you are working with numbers, concentrating on individual data values, or when accurate or precise values are important, you can use a______. but when you are working with the shape, concentrating on overall pattern or when accurate or precise values are less important, you can use a______. a、table… table b、table…figure c、figure…table d、figure…figure
2、each table must be titled and numbered consecutively, with title /legend going ______________ the table. each figure must be numbered consecutively and complete with title/legend going __________ the figure. a、above…under b、above…above c、under…above d、under…under
3、which layout of the table is more appropriate? table 1： advantage mean sd. percentage of agreement percentage of disagreement convenience 5.79 1.03 82.10% 5.96% practicability 5.09 2.74 68.07% 14.02% table 2： advantage mean sd. percentage of agreement percentage of disagreement convenience 5.79 1.03 82.10% 5.96% practicability 5.09 2.74 68.07% 14.02% a、table 1 b、table 2 c、 d、
4、which of the following statements about the second move of an introduction is false? a、if you try to outline previous research and show where their research has missed the niche, you can use “however, little research has been conducted on…” b、if you want to connect what has been done on this topic to your own work, you can use a connector statement, such as “but” or “while.” c、if you are developing your own line of inquiry into the topic, you can say: hence additional research is needed. d、if you’d like to show a contradiction, you can use “however, recent experiments in our laboratory shows that…”
5、the sentence "the mechanisms that underpin x are not fully understood" is _____. a、to refer to previous research b、to identify a research gap c、to develop your own line of inquiry into the topic d、to identify the purpose of your research
6、the sentence “in the literature on x, the relative importance of y has been subject to considerable discussion” is to ______. a、make a counterclaim b、outline why the topic is relevant or interesting c、raise some specific research questions d、state your objectives
7、排序题 (source: zeng et al., 2008. tsinghua science and technology) 1） most current studies are focusing on analyzing the critical factors which will affect the application and proliferation of e-business technology in organizations based on the technology adoption model (tam), neglecting the study on how e-business impacts the organizational behavior. however, e-business applications in an organization are a series of continuous activities, so it is more valuable to explore the implementation and application of this new technology on organizational changes than only analyzing the adoption of e-business. 2） this paper presents an e-business transformation process model based on organization transformation theory, which will help enterprise implement e-business transformation strategies more effectively. 3） e-business is not just one choice available to enterprises, but every business will become an e-business. enterprises are being pushed into global competition with the boom of information technology (it) based on the internet, with e-business becoming the main platform for many enterprises. the traditional business management and operation models cannot be easily fitted into the new economic environment and there are new forms of competition. therefore, enterprises need to implement organizational changes to take full advantage of the e-business opportunities; otherwise, they will be forced out of business. a、1-2-3 b、3-2-1 c、3-1-2 d、1-3-2
8、you don’t describe everything in the figure or the table, the basic rule is to choose the most important information. the important information should be a、information relating to your research questions b、information showing significance (e.g. p<0.05) c、information demonstrating maximum /minimum score or similarities/differences d、information showing turning points
9、which of the following sentences may appear in an introduction? a、even though psychology has cataloged a long list of east-west differences, it still lacks an accepted explanation of what causes these differences. b、in today’s world of social media, the socialization of children must involve many different mediums and approaches. c、the results indicate that there are significant differences between draft/ revised/ final research papers, and that most students improve their academic writing skills. d、academic writing has been the subject of instruction and research for decades in most western universities.
10、which of the following statements about an abstract and an introduction are correct? a、the conclusion should be given in an abstract but not in an introduction. b、they both show the results. c、they both mention the research background. d、they both report the methods.
11、which of the following are instruments? a、writing tasks b、questionnaires c、interviews d、writing scores
12、which of them is included in the method section? a、research background b、data collection and analysis c、instruments d、participants
13、to show your topic’s relevance, your introduction should establish the topic within the realm of real-world circumstances of present day research.
14、a literature review is actually a longer and more detailed introduction because it also includes three moves.
15、for research papers on engineering or scientific studies, there is usually a separate part of literature review while for many social studies, there is only the introduction.
16、the data collected from open-ended questions in a questionnaire is quantitative data.
17、请将下列段落排序，序号请按照前后顺序分别填入17-24题中，即17-24题各填入一个数字。 注：若排序顺序为1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8，则在第17题中填入1，第18题中填入2，以此类推，第24题中填入8。 (source: tilman & clark, 2014. nature) 1) because it directly links and negatively affects human and environmental health, the global dietary transition is one of the great challenges facing humanity. meaningful solutions will not be easily achieved. solutions will require analyses of the quantitative linkages between diets, the environment and human health, on which we focus here, and the efforts of nutritionists, agriculturists, public health professionals, educators, policy makers and food industries. 2) next we use about 50 years of data for 100 of the world’s more populous nations to analyze global dietary trends and their drivers, then use this information to forecast future diets should past trends continue. to quantify effects of alternative diets on mortality and on type ii diabetes, cancer and chronic coronary heart disease, we compile and summarize results of studies encompassing ten million person-years of observations on diet and health. 3) agriculture is having increasingly strong global impacts on both the environment and human health, often driven by dietary changes. global agriculture and food production release more than 25% of all greenhouse gases (ghgs) pollute fresh and marine waters with agrochemicals, and use as cropland or pastureland about half of the ice-free land area of earth. despite the intensity and impacts of global agriculture, almost a billion people still suffer from inadequate diets and insecure food supplies. 4) finally, we combine these relationships with projected increases in global population to forecast global environmental implications of current dietary trajectories and to calculate the environmental benefits of diets associated with lower incidences of chronic non-communicable diseases. 5) moreover, the global transition towards diets high in processed foods, refined sugars, refined fats, oils and meats has contributed to 2.1billion people becoming overweight or obese. these dietary shifts and resulting increases in body mass indices (bmi) are associated with increased global incidences of chronic non-communicable diseases, especially type ii diabetes, coronary heart disease and some cancers, which are predicted to become two-thirds of the global burden of disease if dietary trends continue. 6) to do so, we first expand on earlier food lifecycle analyses (lcas) by searching for all published lcas of ghg emissions of food crop, livestock, fishery and aquaculture production systems that delimited the full ‘cradle to farm gate’ portion of the food/crop lifecycle. 7) here we compile and analyse global-level data to quantify relationships among diet, environmental sustainability and human health, evaluate potential future environmental impacts of the global dietary transition and explore some possible solutions to the diet–environment–health trilemma (methods and supplementary information). 8) in china, for instance, as incomes increased and diets changed, the incidence of type ii diabetes increased from <1% of its population in 1980 to 10% in 2008, partly because type ii diabetes occurs at lower bmi levels and earlier in an individual’s life in asian than in western populations. moreover, diet-driven increases in global food demand and increases in population are leading to clearing of tropical forests, savannas and grasslands, which threatens species with extinction. 现在请在第17题中填入第一个序号。
18、请填入第二个序号。
19、请填入第三个序号。
20、请填入第四个序号。
21、请填入第五个序号。
22、请填入第六个序号。
23、请填入第七个序号。
24、请填入第八个序号。
9. discussion, conclusion, citations and references
9.1 discussion随堂测验
1、you can both use sources in literature review and add new sources to analyze your findings in the discussion.
2、it is advisable to compare the author’s results with those of the prior studies in discussion.
9.2 conclusion随堂测验
1、here are the essentials of a conclusion, please fill the blanks with the words in the box. i. summary of major _______ arguments background methods activities
2、ii. summary of ________ discussion questions definitions findings
3、iii. ______ of the findings implication denying discussion limitations of the research suggestion for future research
9.3 citations随堂测验
1、the flipped classroom paradigm has recently emerged from k-12 education (ash, 2012). in this sentence, the name ash is inside the brackets because_________ a、the name of author is part of the formal structure of the sentence. b、the name of author is in the brackets when it is not part of the sentence. c、in-text citations should always be put in the brackets. d、there is only one author in this in-text citation.
2、what’s the order of the following in-text citations in apa format? a、(akinoglu & yasar, 2007; güler, 2008; yeh & cheng, 2010; casteleyn & mottart, 2012) b、(akinoglu & yasar, 2007; casteleyn & mottart, 2012; güler, 2008; yeh & cheng, 2010) c、(güler, 2008; akinoglu & yasar, 2007; yeh & cheng, 2010; casteleyn & mottart, 2012) d、(güler, 2008; akinoglu & yasar, 2007; casteleyn & mottart, 2012; yeh & cheng, 2010)
9.4 references随堂测验
1、for a journal article, the journal name, volume number and the page number should be italicized.
2、the sources of in-text citations should be exactly the same as those listed in the references, no more no less.
10. presentation
10.1 speech content随堂测验
1、the purpose of an attention getter is to attract the attention of the audience, so it doesn’t matter whether the attention getter is related to your topic or not.
2、the speaker said “here we are, 700 interviews and 5 years of research” to establish credibility.
10.2 speech delivery随堂测验
1、if you feel you are not fully prepared, you can use some detailed notes.
2、sustained eye contact involves connecting with the members of your audience, just like you would in a one to one conversation.
10.3 questions and answers随堂测验
1、the best preparation for question and answer session is to_______. a、be familiar with your research content b、predict some questions c、understand the question fully d、prepare questions in advance
2、when you answer a question, which one of the following is appropriate? a、repeat or paraphrase the question aloud to the entire audience. b、respond to the entire audience, not just to the questioner. c、admit honestly if you don’t know the answer and contact later. d、always say “that’s a good question”.
test 5 (unit 9&10)
1、at the beginning of your presentation, which of the following will you not do? a、greet your audience. b、use attention getter. c、establish your credibility. d、introduce the abstract of your paper.
2、which one of the following sentences can explain the meaning or the cause of the findings? a、the present study tested the hypothesis that …… b、this finding, while preliminary suggests that…… c、there are several possible explanations for this result…… d、the results are the same as those reported in wang (2018) who suggested that……
3、the best visual aid is ________. a、yourself b、powerpoints c、pictures d、videos
4、fill in the blanks when the work is done by two authors, name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. use the word “______” between the authors’ names within the text and use “_______” in the parentheses. if there are three to five authors, the first time a source is cited, you put all the authors and also the year. however, if it is cited again, the first author’s surname and “_______” are used. for six or more authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “_______.” every time the source is cited. a、and & et al. et al. b、& and et al. et al. c、& and & et al. d、et al. and & et al.
5、what is the difference between in-text citation and direct quotation? a、direct quotation has quotation marks. b、direct quotation needs page number. c、direct quotation is put in another paragraph. d、direct quotation is exactly the same as the source.
6、when there are 3 works by the same 2 authors smith and wang in the same year 2018, how can you distinguish the different sources? a、smith & wang, 2018a b、smith & wang, 2018b c、smith & wang, 2018c d、smith & wang, 2018
7、the purpose of citations in the discussion is to a、give support to your analysis of results. b、give comparison with your research findings. c、introduce the background of your research. d、indicate your research purpose.
8、what can be included in the discussion a、introduce the background of the research. b、restate the study’s major findings. c、explain the meaning and cause of the findings. d、relate the findings to those of similar studies.
9、some possible ways of attention getter are_________. a、give amazing information and statistics b、tell a story c、ask a question d、use strong visual images
10、the discussion section can be combined with the result section.
11、it is not advisable to compare the author’s results with those of the prior studies in discussion.
12、the author can use subheadings to help group interpretations into themes in the discussion.
13、you’d better not write the limitation of your own study because your readers will think you research is not reliable.
14、in the presentation, you can use transitions such as “we will go on to the next point”，“let’s turn to……”， “now, let’s move on to……”to make our speech easy to follow.
15、the purpose of citing sources in the discussion is the same as those in the introduction or literature review.
16、please reorganize the order of the following conclusion and fill in the blanks. 1. it can effectively identify the critical components of road network. according to graph theory, two kinds of structural design optimization for road network are proposed to improve the road network robustness. 2. the network efficiency model is used to define the structural vulnerability of road network in this paper. 3. how to combine this model with the dynamic flow in road network is an interesting future research direction. 4. however, this study only considers the structure of road network attributes (connectivity), regardless of the dynamic flow in road network. 5. the framework of the road network structural vulnerability measurement and improvement model is proposed. the actual network vulnerability analysis is carried out on shanghai freeway network. 16. thesis or summary of arguments ______ 17. major findings ______ 18. implication for findings ______ 19. limitations ______ 20. further research ______ 请将答案分别填入16-20题中。（仅填数字即可） 现在请填写第16题答案。
17、17. major findings ______ 请填写第17题答案。
18、18. implication for findings ______ 请填写第18题答案。
19、19. limitations ______ 请填写第19题答案。
20、20. further research ______ 请填写第20题答案。
期末考试
学术英语写作与演讲期末试卷
1、19-23. choose the most appropriate transitional word to fill in the blank. dolphins are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. (19)___________________, they display the human emotion of joy and sadness. during training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. when they make a mistake, (20)___________________, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. (21)___________________, they help each other when they are in trouble. but if one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. they push it to the surface of the water (22)___________________ it can breathe. they stay with it for days or weeks (23)___________________ it recovers or dies. they have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. they are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the us navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.” a、for example b、indeed c、in addition d、in fact
2、19-23. choose the most appropriate transitional word to fill in the blank. dolphins are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. (19)___________________, they display the human emotion of joy and sadness. during training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. when they make a mistake, (20)___________________, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. (21)___________________, they help each other when they are in trouble. but if one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. they push it to the surface of the water (22)___________________ it can breathe. they stay with it for days or weeks (23)___________________ it recovers or dies. they have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. they are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the us navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.” a、moreover b、though c、however d、as a result
3、19-23. choose the most appropriate transitional word to fill in the blank. dolphins are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. (19)___________________, they display the human emotion of joy and sadness. during training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. when they make a mistake, (20)___________________, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. (21)___________________, they help each other when they are in trouble. but if one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. they push it to the surface of the water (22)___________________ it can breathe. they stay with it for days or weeks (23)___________________ it recovers or dies. they have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. they are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the us navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.” a、for example b、nevertheless c、therefore d、furthermore
4、19-23. choose the most appropriate transitional word to fill in the blank. dolphins are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. (19)___________________, they display the human emotion of joy and sadness. during training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. when they make a mistake, (20)___________________, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. (21)___________________, they help each other when they are in trouble. but if one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. they push it to the surface of the water (22)___________________ it can breathe. they stay with it for days or weeks (23)___________________ it recovers or dies. they have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. they are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the us navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.” a、because b、so that c、when d、although
5、19-23. choose the most appropriate transitional word to fill in the blank. dolphins are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. (19)___________________, they display the human emotion of joy and sadness. during training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. when they make a mistake, (20)___________________, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. (21)___________________, they help each other when they are in trouble. but if one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. they push it to the surface of the water (22)___________________ it can breathe. they stay with it for days or weeks (23)___________________ it recovers or dies. they have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. they are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the us navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.” a、until b、as c、but d、after
6、25-32. read the following research paper and answer the questions. (notes: the numbers in the brackets are in-text citations. references are omitted) frequency of self-weighing and weight loss outcomes within a brief lifestyle intervention targeting emerging adults 1 introduction more than 40% of 18–25 year old in the u.s. meet criteria for overweight or obesity, (1) placing them at increased cardiometabolic risk (2). this developmental period is associated with numerous life transitions (e.g. living independently, balancing work and school) as well as unhealthy weight-related behaviour (e.g. declines in physical activity, increased consumption of fast food, poor sleep) that contribute to weight gain and obesity during these years (3). moreover, data indicate that this age group is all but absent from standard adult behavioural weight loss trials, representing less than 1% of enrolled participants (4). researchers have called for programs targeting this unique transition from adolescence into early adulthood, (5) including those specific to weight loss (6). our formative data suggest that to effectively engage this population, lifestyle interventions must be brief, with minimal in-person contact, content tailored specifically to 18–25 year old, and importantly, that programs must promote autonomy and allow for choice in behavioural goals (7,8). thus, it remains a challenge how best to adapt evidence-based programs in a way that will appeal to this population and can produce clinically significant weight losses through such a low touch program while still affording participants choice surrounding behavioural goals as opposed to providing prescriptions. frequent self-weighing may represent a simple self- regulation tool that can be used to promote clinically significant weight loss within a brief, reduced-intensity lifestyle intervention targeting emerging adults. in adults, frequent self-weighing has been associated with weight gain prevention, (9) weight loss (9–12) and weight loss maintenance (12–14) and is not associated with unhealthy weight control practices or worsening of psycho- logical symptoms (11,15,16). less is known about the effects of frequent self-weighing among young adults; some studies have reported associations between self- weighing and negative psychological symptoms (17), while others indicate that frequent self-weighing might be part of a constellation of healthy weight-related behaviour (18). importantly, data suggest that within the context of a lifestyle intervention targeting young adults 21–35 years of age, frequent self-weighing was not associated with increased depressive symptoms, disordered eating or body satisfaction and was associated with better weight loss (19) further, several studies have examined self-weighing within the context of weight gain prevention efforts targeting first year college students (20–23); and data indicate high adherence and accept- ability of self-weighing (22). impact on prevention of weight gain has been mixed with some studies reporting benefits of daily self-weighing within minimal weight gain prevention interventions (20,23), while others have noted benefits only within the context of a more comprehensive online healthy lifestyle program (21). in these studies, frequent self-weighing has not been associated with adverse psychological outcomes (21,22). of note, these previous studies were conducted within the context of weight gain prevention and focused exclusively on college students. to our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the relationship between frequent self-weighing and weight loss in a behavioural weight loss program targeting a broader sample of emerging adults. thus, the primary aim of this paper is to examine the frequency of self-weighing among a racially diverse sample of emerging adults between 18 and 25 years enrolled in a brief lifestyle intervention, and to examine the association between frequent self-weighing and weight loss. 2 methods 2.1 intervention description these secondary analyses were conducted using data from a 3-month behavioural lifestyle intervention, spark rva. the primary findings have been reported elsewhere (15), but in short, the aim of the original study was to examine the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of three approaches to promote engagement and weight loss in this age group. mode of delivery differed: face-to-face, web and hybrid (web lessons plus optional in-person classes), as did the relative emphasis on promoting autonomy. across all arms, evidence of the benefits of regular self-weighing was presented to participants, but explicit self-weighing prescriptions were not provided. instead, participants were encouraged to weigh themselves at least weekly and no more than once per day, but were allowed to choose their own target. 2.2 recruitment and participants spark rva was advertised via web and print advertisements, radio spots and email blasts throughout the richmond, va area. interested individuals were directed to a study recruitment website, where they could review study details and if interested, were able to complete a secure survey in order to determine eligibility. inclusion criteria were ages 18–25 and bmi 25–45 kg/m; exclusion criteria were physical or mental health conditions that pose a safety concern or are associated with unintentional weight change, recent (i.e. within the past 6 months) pregnancy and recent >5% weight loss. participants (n = 52) were mostly female (79%), and the sample was diverse (54% racial/ethnic minority) with a mean age of 22.3 (2.0) and mean bmi of 34.2 (5.4). 2.3 measures anthropometrics measures of weight (kg) and height (cm) were taken by masked research assistants using standard protocols at baseline and post-treatment (3 months). frequency of self-weighing at all assessment points, participants responded to the following question: ‘during the past month, how often did you weigh yourself?’ response options are (i) several times a day; (ii) once a day; (iii) several times a week; (iv) once a week; (v) less than once a week; (vi) less than once a month; and (vii) never. 2.4 statistical analyses data were collapsed across treatment arms and con- ducted with completers (retention > 80%). there were no baseline differences on weighing frequency for those participants who were retained vs. not. generalized linear modeling was used to examine change in frequency of self-weighing over time as well as to compare weight loss at post-treatment for those who reported frequent self-weighing (i.e. several times per week or more) vs. those who reported weighing less frequently (once a week or less). subsequent analyses were conducted in which participants were categorized according to their change in weighing frequency from baseline to 3 months (i.e. increasers, stable and decreasers). chi-square analyses were conducted to examine categorical variables (e.g. achieving a 5% weight loss). treatment arm, gender and race were included as covariates in all analyses; those analyses examining weight change in kilogram also included baseline weight as a covariate. all analyses were conducted using spss version 22. 3 results at baseline, a majority of participants (64.5%) reported self-weighing less than once a week, with only 15.4% weighing once per week and 21.1% reporting frequent self-weighing defined as at least several times per week. self-weighing increased over the 3-month treatment program (p < 0.001); at post-treatment only 19% of participants reported self-weighing less than once per week, whereas 42.9% of participants reported self-weighing weekly and 38.2% of participants reported self-weighing several times per week or more (table 1). increase in frequency of self-weighing from baseline to post-treatment was associated with greater weight loss (β =-0.433, t = -3.02 and p = 0.01). further, participants who reported frequent self-weighing (i.e. several time per week or more) at post-treatment achieved greater weight losses than those weighing weekly or less (p = 0.03, figure 1). in addition, participants who endorsed frequent self- weighing were more likely to achieve a clinically significant (i.e. 5% of baseline weight) weight loss (p = 0.01). finally, when participants were grouped according to change in weighing frequency (increasers, stable and decreasers), those who increased their frequency of self-weighing experienced the greatest weight loss relative to those who remained at the same frequency of weighing or decreased frequency of weighing, although this effect only approached statistical significance (—4.9 4.2 kg, —2.3 3.5 kg, and —0.92 2.2 kg, p = 0.06). 4 discussion in a brief lifestyle intervention specifically designed for 18–25 year old with overweight or obesity, frequent self- weighing was associated with greater weight loss at post-treatment. these results are consistent with findings among other adults (9–12) and suggest that frequent self- weighing may be an important factor in weight control among this population as well. of note, no prescriptions were given in the current study – rather, consistent with our formative data, evidence was presented about the benefits of self-weighing and participants were allowed to select the target they felt was best suited for them in order to promote autonomy. in light of the current findings and previous data demonstrating the benefits of more frequent self-weighing (9–14), future studies should consider providing this population with a forced choice between frequent self-weighing (i.e. >several times per week) and daily self-weighing to promote optimal weight management while still allowing for choice in behavioural targets. indeed, frequent self-weighing might be a particularly valuable self-regulation tool for this age group given evidence to suggest dietary self-monitoring is a substantial challenge in this population (8); thus, the scale serving as an error detector might serve to enhance overall self- regulation of energy balance behaviour and weight loss in this high-risk age group. limitations of this secondary analysis include a limited sample size, lack of an assessment of psychological variables such as depression and disordered eating, and collapsing across treatment arms; further, within the trial from which these data are drawn, participants were not randomized to different self-weighing prescriptions, limiting the inferences that can be drawn regarding causality. of note, many previous studies have demonstrated a lack of adverse psychological outcomes associated with frequent self-weighing in adults (11,15,16), as well as first-year college students (22) and a broader sample of young adults (19); nevertheless, future studies should explore the effects of frequent self-weighing on psychological variables including depressive symptoms and disordered eating within the context of a weight loss intervention targeting this specific age group. strengths of the current study include a diverse sample including 54% racial/ethnic minorities, and the fact that this is the first study to examine the relationship between self-weighing and weight loss within a sample of treatment-seeking, overweight/obese 18–25 years old. findings suggest that frequent self-weighing is associated with better weight loss outcomes among a racially diverse same of 18–25 years old enrolled in a brief lifestyle intervention. references (omitted) 25. what is the topic of the research? a、relationship between frequency of self-weighing and weight loss b、a brief lifestyle intervention targeting emerging adults c、criteria for overweight or obesity d、unhealthy weight-related behaviour
7、what is the problem/gap of the previous research? a、researchers have called for programs targeting this unique transition from adolescence into early adulthood, including those specific to weight loss. b、no previous studies have examined the relationship between frequent self-weighing and weight loss in a behavioural weight loss program targeting a broader sample of emerging adults. c、previous studies were conducted within the context of weight gain prevention and focused exclusively on college students. d、in adults, frequent self-weighing has been associated with weight gain prevention, weight loss and weight loss maintenance and is not associated with unhealthy weight control practices or worsening of psycho- logical symptoms.
8、what is the purpose of the research? a、to examine the frequency of self-weighing among a racially diverse sample of emerging adults and the association between frequent self-weighing and weight loss. b、to call for programs targeting this unique transition from adolescence into early adulthood, including those specific to weight loss. c、to promote autonomy and allow for choice in behavioural goals. d、to adapt evidence-based programs in a way that will appeal to this population and can produce clinically significant weight losses through such a low touch program.
9、what is the procedure of the research? 1 responded to some questions 2 direct interested individuals to a study recruitment website 3 use generalized linear modeling to examine change in frequency of self-weighing 4 advertise spark rva via web 5 measure weight and height using standard protocols a、2-4-1-5-3 b、1-4-3-2-5 c、4-2-5-1-3 d、3-2-5-1-4
10、which of the following is not the finding of the research? a、increase in frequency of self-weighing was associated with greater weight loss. b、those who decreased their frequency of self-weighing experienced the greatest weight loss. c、those who endorsed frequent self- weighing were more likely to achieve a significant weight loss. d、those who reported frequent self-weighing at post-treatment achieved greater weight losses.
11、what is the explanation of the results? a、frequent self- weighing was associated with greater weight loss at post-treatment. b、these results are consistent with findings among other adults. c、frequent self- weighing is related with weight control among this population. d、frequent self-weighing might be a particularly valuable self-regulation tool for this age group.
12、what is not the limitation of the current study? a、the sample size is small. b、there is a lack of an assessment of psychological variables. c、participants were not randomized to different self-weighing prescriptions. d、there is a diverse sample including 54% racial/ethnic minorities.
13、why isn’t there a conclusion part? a、it is missing and should be added. b、it is included in the discussion. c、it is not necessary. d、it is usually in the abstract.
14、which are acceptable as a summary of the original sentence in the following pairs? a、people whose professional activity lies in the field of politics are not, on the whole, conspicuous for their respect for factual accuracy. politicians seldom lie. b、failure to assimilate an adequate quantity of solid food over an extended period of time is absolutely certain to lead, in due course, to a fatal conclusion. lack of food causes death. c、the climatic conditions prevailing in the british isles show a pattern of alternating and unpredictable periods of dry and wet weather, accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle of temperature changes. british weather is changeable. d、it is undeniable that the large majority of non-native learners of english experience a number of problems in attempting to master the phonetic patterns of the language. it cannot be denied that many non-native learners of english experience a lot of problems in attempting to master the phonetic patterns of the language.
15、what order can you follow to present your research？ a) analyze the findings b) introduce the background c) describe the research methods d) indicate the problem e) draw the conclusion. f) state/raise the research objectives/questions g) show the research results 答案格式示例：a-b-c-d-e-f-g
16、which of the following expressions can be used to a) define the background and argument of the present study b) describe research method and procedure c) present results, findings d) give a conclusion 以下几个句子的作用请按照顺序依此填入，答案格式示例：a-b-c-d it is also found that … although (the research subject) …, (the related problem) … is as yet undetermined. these findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that … the experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting …
17、3-7. put the following sentences within the categories 3. background _______ 4. purpose _______ 5. methods _______ 6. results _______ 7. conclusions _______ 1 an educational study, with two parallel groups was developed. the randomization was carried out by class groups. group 1 was assigned an active teaching methodology of flip teaching and it was implemented during theoretical teaching hours. the other group of students, group 2, was assigned a traditional lecturer-based learning (lb) methodology. the participants were all the students of the morning shift who studied the subject social work with groups of the social work degree during the academic year 2017–2018. the sample was composed of 110 subjects, with 60 subjects who developed an active teaching methodology and 50 subjects who received a lb. 2 the flipped classroom (fc) is a pedagogical approach that means that the activities that have traditionally taken place within the classroom are carried out outside the classroom. fundamentally it implies the way in which the student studies the subject. this change of perspective in teaching—learning has raised many questions regarding its effectiveness and student satisfaction in the university studies in the degree of social work. 3 the fc teaching methodology in comparison with the lb methodology has shown to be a more effective tool regarding academic performance evaluated in a quantitative and qualitative way with regards to social work education at university level. 4 the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a flipped classroom methodology in the academic performance of students of the social work degree. 5 in terms of the academic performance result variable, the ft group had a mean of 6.56 (sd: 1.58) and the lb group had a mean of 5.42 (sd: 1.97) (p-value: 0.002). the ft group also had a higher percentage of students receiving merit and outstanding scores (34.5% and 6.9% respectively) and a lower percentage of students who failed (19%) as compared to the lb group in which 20.9% and 2.3% of the students received merit or outstanding grades and 46.5% failed (p-value = 0.025). no significant differences were found with regards to satisfaction with the subject and the methodology used, long-term learning and time spent preparing for the exam. 现在请填写第3题答案。（填一个数字即可）
18、现在请填写第4题答案。（填一个数字即可）
19、现在请填写第5题答案。（填一个数字即可）
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22、rearrange the order of the following abstract 1) however, teachers are usually trained to use technology generally, without experiencing it from the perspective of students. 2) the research provides a new perspective on how teachers can be educated to integrate technology into their language instruction through their own experience of learning. 3) analyses of data gathered from the questionnaire survey, the class website for role-play, the blogs and the interviews indicate that online role-play was an appropriate way for teaching collaborative argument given that the topics were well-chosen and well-prepared, 4)the role-play lasted for three weeks and underwent three stages: preparation, implementation and reflection. 5) as computers and the internet are increasingly employed in language teaching and learning, preparing teachers for the impending reality of online teaching is of paramount importance. 6) this study investigated ten in-service teachers participating in an online role-play as part of a digital education methods course to acquire an understanding of the use of online role-play for collaborative argument. 7) and that asynchronous role-play was more helpful than the synchronous role-play given the challenge of tracking the development of ideas. 答案格式示例：1-2-3-4-5-6-7
23、9-13. the table below shows changes in the numbers of residents cycling to work in different areas of the uk between 2001 and 2011. please choose sentences in the basket to fill in the blanks to describe the table appropriately. (9.) ____________ overall, the number of uk commuters who travelled to work by bicycle rose considerably over the 10-year period. inner london had by far the highest number of cycling commuters in both years. in 2001, well over 43 thousand residents of inner london commuted by bicycle, (10.) ____________, an increase of 144%. by contrast, although outer london had the second highest number of cycling commuters in each year, the percentage change, at only 45%, (11.) ___________. brighton and hove saw the second biggest increase (109%) in the number of residents cycling to work, but bristol was the uk’s second city in terms of total numbers of cycling commuters, with 8,108 in 2001 and 15,768 in 2011. (12.) ___________. (13.) ___________. a. and this figure rose to more than 106 thousand in 2011 b. other 8 cities, though not so high as the previous two cities, still demonstrate much changes, with the percentage ranging from 48%-94%. c. the table compares the numbers of people who cycled to work in twelve areas of the uk in the years 2001 and 2011. d. here is the description of the chart on the paper. e. was the lowest of the twelve areas shown in the table f. this change of preference for bicycle as a means of transportation shows people’s awareness of environmental protection, which should be encouraged by the society. 现在请填写第9题答案。（填一个大写字母即可）
24、现在请填写第10题答案。（填一个大写字母即可）
25、现在请填写第11题答案。（填一个大写字母即可）
26、现在请填写第12题答案。（填一个大写字母即可）
27、现在请填写第13题答案。（填一个大写字母即可）
28、14-18 read the following statements and choose what kind of attention getter is used. a）giving amazing information and statistics b）involving your audience c）presenting a quotation or a proverb d）telling a story e）asking a question 14. in china there’s a saying, “you won’t be considered a great person until you’ve been to the great wall”. i visited the wall last year when i was in china, i don’t know if it made me a great person, but i do know the wall is indeed great.
29、14-18. read the following statements and choose what kind of attention getter is used. a）giving amazing information and statistics b）involving your audience c）presenting a quotation or a proverb d）telling a story e）asking a question 15. bambi vs. jaws. no contest on which is deadlier, right? it’s . . . bambi. a deer is 20 times more likely to kill you than a shark. every year in the united states, deer-car collisions kill more than 200 people.
30、14-18. read the following statements and choose what kind of attention getter is used. a）giving amazing information and statistics b）involving your audience c）presenting a quotation or a proverb d）telling a story e）asking a question 16. thousands of books have been written about him, but there's controversy, and it remains, about his looks. even this well-known portrait is not accepted by many art historians. so, what do you think? is this the face of leonardo da vinci or isn't it? let's find out.
31、14-18. read the following statements and choose what kind of attention getter is used. a）giving amazing information and statistics b）involving your audience c）presenting a quotation or a proverb d）telling a story e）asking a question 17. it started one day on the plane on my way to ted seven years ago. the seat next to me was a high school student, a teenager and she came from a really poor family……
32、14-18. read the following statements and choose what kind of attention getter is used. a）giving amazing information and statistics b）involving your audience c）presenting a quotation or a proverb d）telling a story e）asking a question 18. i have a confession to make. but first, i want you to make a little confession to me. in the past year, i want you to just raise your hand if you've experienced relatively little stress, a moderate amount of stress, a lot of stress. yeah. me too.