overview of systemic pathology and cardiovascular system diseases（1） 课程概述 心血管系统疾病（1）
unit quiz （01）单元测验（01）
1、which of the following morphology is the basic pathological change of benign hypertension? a、hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis b、onion skin lesion c、fibrinoid necrosis d、hyaline degeneration
2、which type of the arteries is firstly insulted in the beginning of hypertension? a、arterioles b、medium-sized arteries c、large-sized arteries d、all the arteries above
3、which is the main morphological change of the heart when visceras are involved along with hypertension progress? a、right ventricle hypertrophy b、left ventricle hypertrophy c、left ventricle atrophy d、right ventricle atrophy
4、which patholgocal diagnosis is correct? a、.concentric hypertophy of right ventricle b、concentric hypertophy of left ventricle c、eccentric hypertriophy of left ventricle d、eccentric hypertriophy of right ventricle
5、please find out the constitutional factor to induce atherosclerosis. a、hyperlipidemia b、familial hypercholesterolemia c、hypertension d、diabetes mellitus
6、foam cells mainly derive from a、neutrophils b、fat cells c、endothelial cells d、macrophages and smooth muscle cells
7、the complicated plaque do not include a、hemorrhage b、thrombosis c、fatty streak d、aneurysm
8、which is the primarily involved branch for coronary atherosclerosis? a、right coronary artery b、left anterior descending branch c、left coronary artery d、left circumflex branch
9、which one is the commonest complication for myocardial infarction？ a、arrhythmias b、myocardial rupture c、ventricular aneurysm d、mural thrombus
10、which is not the types of coronary artery heart disease？ a、angina pectoris b、sudden cardial death c、myocardial infarction d、congestive heart failure
cardiovascular system diseases（2） 心血管系统疾病（2）
unit quiz （02）单元测验（02）
1、the microorganisms associated with rheumatic fever are a、staphylococci b、streptococci c、fungi d、rickettsiae
2、the characteristic feature of rheumatic myocarditis is a、fibrinous exudate b、fibrinoid necrosis c、vegetation d、aschoff body
4、in acute infective endocarditis, the most common causative organisms are a、streptococcus viridans b、staphylococcus albus c、staphylococcus aureus d、rickettsiae
5、the vegetations of infective endocarditis are found most frequently on a、the aortic valves b、the mitral valves c、the tricuspid valves d、the pulmonary valves
6、the vegetations of infective endocarditis consist of a、anitschkow cells b、fibrinous exudate c、aschoff bodies d、fibrin and platelets , colonies of bacteria and non-specific inflammatory reaction
7、which valves are involved much more frequently in valvular heart disease ? a、the tricuspid valves b、the aortic valves c、the mitral valves d、the pulmonary valves
8、the normal mitral valve area is about a、1.5-2 cm2 b、4-5 cm2 c、6-8 cm2 d、1-1.5 cm2
9、the first affected chamber of mitral stenosis is a、right ventricle b、right atrium c、left ventricle d、left atrium
respiratory system diseases 呼吸系统疾病
unit quiz （03）单元测验（03）
1、which of the following organism is the most common pathogen of lobar pneumonia? a、bacteria b、virus c、mycoplasma d、fungi
2、which of the following statements is incorrect? a、lobar pneumonia is most frequently caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae. b、young adults with impaired immunity are at an increased risk of developing lobar pneumonia. c、most lobar pneumonia patients can have a complete recovery. d、bronchopneumonia is characterized by consolidation of a large portion of a lobe or of an entire lobe.
3、which of the following description about the figure of lobar pneumonia is correct? a、there is marked massive confluent exudation in the alveolar spaces, containing red cells, fibrin, and neutrophils. b、bacteria is easily detected in this stage. c、the cellular exudate of red cells is reduced due to disintegration of many inflammatory cells. d、this is a specimen in the stage of red hepatization.
4、which of the following statements about bronchopneumonia is incorrect? a、bronchopneumonia is an acute infection of the terminal bronchioles that extends into the surrounding alveoli. b、the patients of bronchopneumonia are generally young adults. c、staphylococci and streptococci are common organisms responsible for bronchopneumonia. d、chest radiograph shows multiple small nodular opacities separated by normal lung parenchyma.
5、what is the basic pathologic change of bronchopneumonia? a、fibrinous exudative inflammation of alveoli b、interstitial suppurative inflammation c、acute suppurative inflammation of alveoli d、all of above
6、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、the foci of inflammatory condensation is centered by a bronchiole with acute bronchiolitis. b、the inflammatory foci are separated by normal, aerated parenchyma. c、capillaries in the alveolar walls show congestion. d、it is easy to identify the fibrinous exudate in the bronchiole lumen.
7、the major diffuse obstructive disorders refer to a group diseases, including the below conditions except a、bronchiectasis b、silicosis c、emphysema d、chronic bronchitis
8、which of the description about chronic bronchitis is wrong? a、pathologic examination shows hypertrophy of mucous glands in the trachea and bronchi. b、air pollutants is the most important risk factors of chronic bronchitis. c、chronic bronchitis shows chronic inflammation, bronchiolar wall fibrosis and coexistent emphysema. d、chronic bronchitis can complicated with pulmonary hypertension.
9、a 45-year-old man has smoked two packs of cigarettes per day for 20 years. for the past 4 years, he has had a chronic cough with copious mucoid sputum over 4 months every year. which of the following pathologic condition best describes these clinical findings? a、bronchiectasis b、asthmatic bronchitis c、chronic bronchitis d、hypersensitivity pneumonitis
10、which of the description about the bronchiectasis is wrong? a、an important diagnostic feature is the dilation of the proximal bronchi near the trachea. b、obstruction and chronic persistent infection are two processes crucial in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. c、bronchiectasis usually affects the lower lobes bilaterally. d、bronchiectasis is abnormal and irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree proximal to the terminal bronchioles.
11、a 34-year-old man has chronic cough, amounts of foul-smelling, purulent sputum. because of frank of hemoptysis in the sputum is taken to the emergency. on physical examination, pulse 115/min, and blood pressure 110/70mmhg. a chest radiograph was showed in the picture. which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a、chronic bronchitis b、viral pneumonia c、bronchiectasis d、lung cancer
12、the pathological change(s) of silicosis is(are) a、acute suppurative inflammation b、the finding of large bronchi near the pleura c、left ventricular hypertrophy d、silicotic nodule and chronic pulmonary fibrosis
13、about nasopharyngeal carcinoma , which is wrong? a、the incidence in men is higher than women. b、nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a common cancer in east-europe. c、ebv is considered important factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. d、painless enlargement of upper neck lymph node is the commonest symptom.
14、which picture is the keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of nasopharyngeal carcinoma? a、 b、 c、 d、
15、which is not the major types of international classification of lung carcinoma introduced by the who? a、small cell carcinoma b、squamous cell carcinoma c、leiomyoma d、adenocarcinoma
digestive system diseases（1） 消化系统疾病（1）
unit quiz （04）单元测验（04）
1、which disease is not associated with helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach? a、chronic gastritis b、acute gastritis c、gastric carcinoma d、chronic gastric ulcer
2、what is the main pathological change(arrow showed) in this picture? a、atypia b、acute inflammatory cells infiltration c、intestinal metaplasia d、gland atrophy
3、which is not belong to the characters of chronic atrophic gastritis? a、atrophy of the epithelial elements including destruction of the glands. b、inflammatory cell infiltrate in the deeper layer of the mucosa. c、metaplasia. d、no histological changes in the deep layer of mucosa containing gastric glands.
4、which is incorrect about complications of chronic duodenal ulcer? a、malignancy b、hemorrhage c、penetration of adjacent organ d、obstruction
5、which layer is showed(arrow noted) in this picture of gastric ulcer? a、inflammatory exudative b、granulation tissue layer c、necrotic debris layer d、scar tissue layer
6、which is not belong to impaired defenses causes in peptic ulcer? a、ischemic hypoxic injury to the mucosal cells b、high-dose corticosteroids, which suppress prostaglandin synthesis and impair healing c、delayed gastric emptying d、impaired regulation of acid-pepsin secretion
7、which type does this picture of esophageal carcinoma present grossly? a、ulcerative type b、polypoid exophytic type c、diffuse infiltrative type d、narrowing type
8、a 67-year-old woman has experienced severe nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and a 9-kg weight loss over the past 4 months. on physical examination, she has mild muscle wasting. upper gastrointestinal endoscopy shows that the entire gastric mucosa is eroded and has an erythematous, cobble stone appearance. upper gastrointestinal radiographs show that the stomach is small and shrunken. which of the following is most likely to be found on histologic examination of a gastric biopsy specimen? a、gastric adenocarcinoma b、granulomatous inflammation c、chronic atrophic gastritis d、acute gastritis
9、gastric carcinoma is most commonly located in a、the pyloric canal of the stomach b、the body of the stomach c、the cardia of the stomach d、the fundus of the stomach
digestive system diseases（2） 消化系统疾病（2）
unit quiz （05）单元测验（05）
1、which of the following description is not basic pathological changes of viral hepatitis? a、ballooning degeneration in liver cells b、diffuse fibrous connective tissue proliferation c、bridging necrosis d、hyperplasia of kupffer’s cell and stellate cell
2、which of the following description about the specimen is incorrect? a、the liver is shrunken, distorted, with thin and bending edge. b、there is massive necrosis of liver cells and stromal collapse. c、the cut surface shows some regenerative nodules in uneven size. d、patients have clinical features like rapidly developing jaundice, high bleeding tendency, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances.
3、the key difference of pathological change between acute fulminant hepatitis and subacute fulminant hepatitis is a、shrunken liver with wrinkled capsules b、regeneration of hepatocytes c、inflammatory cells exudation d、liver cell necrosis
4、which of the following histologic section is cirrhosis? a、 b、 c、 d、
5、which of the following clinical manifestation is not related to liver cirrhosis? a、ascites b、hepatic encephalopathy c、hematuria d、spider angiomas
6、how would you diagnose with following description? grossly, the nodules are usually regular and small, less than 3 mm in diameter. there is diffuse involvement of all the hepatic lobules forming nodules by relatively thin fibrous septa which maybe portal-portal, portal-central, or both. a、chronic viral hepatitis b、mixed cirrhosis c、macronodular cirrhosis d、micronodular cirrhosis
7、which of the following histologic section is not alcoholic liver disease? a、 b、 c、 d、
8、which of the following is not the high risk factor of hepatocellular carcinoma? a、excessive alcohol intake b、genetic factor c、cirrhosis d、aflatoxin b1
9、which of the following is not the gross type of hepatocellular carcinoma? a、multifocal massive cancer b、unifocal massive cancer c、multifocal nodular cancer d、diffusely infiltrative cancer
urinary system diseases 泌尿系统疾病
unit quiz （06）单元测验（06）
1、which of the following plays the most important role in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease? a、complement activation b、podocyte injury c、nephron loss d、immune complex deposition
2、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、deposition of circulating immune complexes at the outer or inner surface of gbm may show this pattern of staining. b、in situ binding of antibodies on the gbm may show this pattern of staining. c、this kind of deposition shows a linear pattern of staining. d、this kind of deposition shows a granular pattern of staining.
3、which of the following is not the basic pathological change of glomerular disease? a、hemorrhage and congestion b、hypercellularity c、basement membrane thickening d、inflammatory exudation and necrosis
4、which of the following statements about minimal gn is incorrect? a、it is the most frequent cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children. b、under electron microscopy, the mesangial cells are effaced and run together. c、under light microscopy, the glomeruli look normal. d、immunofluorescence is typically negative.
5、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、grossly, the kidney is enlarged, pale and smooth. b、histologically, the diffuse thickening of capillary walls can be seen. c、histologically, proliferation of glomerular cells can be identified. d、by electron microscopy, the darker electron dense deposits are scattered within the thickened gbm.
6、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、the glomerular is larger than normal and has a lobular appearance. b、there are more cells within the glomerulus. c、with silver stains, a clear zone between two basement membranes is seen, which is referred to as ‘double contour’. d、the gbm is usually normal.
7、which of the following statements about iga nephropathy is incorrect? a、it is the most common cause of recurrent proteinuria. b、it is the most common gn globally. c、it is characterized by the deposition of iga in the mesangium. d、morphologically, the lesions in iga nephropathy are different.
8、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、grossly, the kidney is small and contracted. b、microscopically, there is advanced scarring of the glomeruli, sometimes to the point of complete sclerosis. c、though the glomeruli go to sclerosis, tubules look normal. d、there is marked interstitial fibrosis.
9、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、grossly, discrete, yellowish, raised abscesses are seen on the renal surface. b、there is large number of lymphocytes in the lesion. c、histologically, there are suppurative necrosis and abscess formation within the renal parenchyma. d、bacterial colony is visible in this case.
10、which type of kidney cancer is common in children? a、clear cell carcinoma b、papillary renal cell carcinoma c、chromophobe renal carcinoma d、wilms tumor
11、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、this kind of tumor is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma. b、grossly, the tumor is usually solitary and large, and it may arise anywhere in the cortex. c、grossly, the margins of the tumor are well defined, so it’s a benign tumor. d、histologically, the cells look very pale or clear, so it’s called clear cell carcinoma.
12、which of the following statements about bladder cancer is incorrect? a、schistosomiasis is the most common cause worldwide. b、majority of bladder cancer arise from transitional epithelial lining of the bladder. c、painless hematuria is the most common symptom. d、prognosis is determined by tumor’s grade and stage.
genital system diseases 生殖系统疾病
unit quiz （07）单元测验（07）
1、a patient’s biopsy of cervical tissue is shown in the following h&e figure, which of the following disease is highly possible? a、high-grade sil b、cin i c、low-grade sil d、microinvasive carcinoma
2、which organ is not commonly affected in direct spreading of cervical carcinoma? a、rectum b、bladder c、ovaries d、vagina
3、which of the following agent is closely associated with carcinoma of the cervix? a、apergillus flavus b、helicobacter plyori c、epstein-barr virus d、human papillomavirus
4、which of the following statement about the specimen is incorrect? a、it’s serous epithelial tumor. b、the cystic spaces are divided by multiple septa into multiloculated masses. c、the tumor is the most common ovarian epithelial tumors. d、the tumor consists of mucin-secreting cells.
5、which factor may not increase the risk of breast cancer? a、mutation in brca-1 gene b、lower estrogen level in the body c、late menopause d、nulliparity
6、which of the following statement is not true about the breast carcinoma in the h&e figure? a、the tumor arises from cells in the terminal duct lobular unit. b、the tumor fills and expands the acini of a lobule. c、it’s ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis). d、the tumor cells do not invade into stroma.
7、which of the following statement is not true about hydropic chorionic villi? a、some villi may invade into the myometrium. b、they are a mass of clear, fluid-filled vesicles. c、the villi are covered by large amount of chorionic epithelium. d、cytologic atypia may be present in the proliferative trophoblast cells.
8、which marker is applied in the diagnosis and follow-up of gestational trophoblastic diseases? a、ca125 b、hcg c、cea d、ca153
9、the tissue shown in the h&e figure is mostly possible a、hydatidiform mole b、invasive mole c、choriocarcinoma d、invasive carcinoma of the cervix
10、which of the following specimen is benign prostatic hyperplasia? a、 b、 c、 d、
11、which of the following description is not true about benign prostatic hyperplasia? a、it’s a common cause of prostatic enlargement resulting from proliferation of glandular and stromal elements. b、the hyperplastic glands are only lined by columnar epithelial cells. c、excessive androgen-dependent growth of glandular and stromal elements has a central role for bph. d、in the cut surface, there’re well circumscribed nodules that bulge from the cut surface.
12、which of the following statement is not true about carcinoma of prostate? a、it’s a disease of men above the age of 50. b、heredity, environmental factors, and acquired somatic mutations have roles in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. c、most are small, nonpalpable, asymptomatic, and they’re usually discovered on needle biopsy. d、benign prostatic hyperplasia easily develops into carcinoma.
endocrine system diseases and nervous system diseases 内分泌系统疾病 神经系统疾病
unit quiz （08）单元测验（08）
1、which of the following specimen is multinodular goiter? a、 b、 c、 d、
2、which of the following is not the histological type of thyroid carcinoma? a、anaplastic carcinoma b、follicular carcinoma c、multinodular carcinoma d、medullary carcinoma
3、which of the following description about the diabetes mellitus is wrong? a、type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of peripheral resistance to insulin action and an inadequate secretory response by the pancreatic beta cells. b、in type 2 diabetes, there may be fibrosis and amyloid deposition in the islets in end stage. c、it takes the form of an amorphous, hyaline thickening of the wall of the arterioles. d、in type 2 diabetes, there is frequently a lymphocytic infiltration of the islets followed by a progressive loss of pp cells.
4、which of the following bacteria is causative for epidemic meningitis ? a、escherichia coli b、neisseria meningitidis c、haemophilus inflenzae d、streptococcus pneumoniae
5、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、macroscopic examination of the brain reveals a purulent exudate in the subarachnoid space over the cerebral convexity. b、histology shows large numbers of neutrophils within the subarachnoid. c、intra- or extracellular bacteria may be identified with a gram stain. d、this kind of disease usually develops slowly.
6、which of the following statements about viral meningitis is incorrect? a、as viral meningitis is a self-limiting disease, patients do not need to go to the doctor immediately. b、viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis. c、many different viruses can cause meningitis, including enteroviruses, measles, and influenza species. d、there are not many special pathological changes of viral meningitis.
7、a 70-year-old woman presented with impairment of brain functions, alterations of mood and behavior. her family reported she was having progressive memory loss over the past 3 months. she had trouble handling money and paying bills, had poor judgment, and took longer to complete normal daily tasks. ct scan just shows minimal cerebral atrophy. which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a、parkinson disease b、manifestations of stress c、alzheimer disease d、normal aging process
8、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、neuritic plaque are focal, spherical collections of nervous processes derived from dystrophic neurites. b、neurofibrillary tangle is a filamentous collection of neurofilaments and neurotubules within the cytoplasm of neurons. c、granulovacuolar degeneration is presence of multiple, small intraneuronal cytoplasmic vacuoles. d、the brain is often enlarged and congested.
9、which of the following statements about parkinson disease is incorrect? a、patient usually has a tremor and quick movement. b、this disease is characterized by a hypokinetic movement disorder. c、it is caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra. d、genes and environmental triggers are possible pathogenesis.
infectious diseases 感染性疾病
unit quiz （09）单元测验（09）
1、which cell is rare among the tuberculous granuloma? a、lymphocytes b、epithelioid cells c、langhans’ giant cells d、plasma cells
2、neutrophil-rich acute suppurative inflammation is common in the a、chronic infections b、“pyogenic” bacterial infections c、actue viral infections d、mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
3、the most common transmission route for mycobacteria tuberculosis is a、dgestive transmission b、blood transmission c、sexual transmission d、airway transmission
4、a 38-year-old woman presents with fever, night sweat, and weight loss. examination of her sputum reveals rare acid-fast bacilli. a chest x-ray reveals a single subpleural lesion near the fissure between the upper and lower lobes along with enlarged hilar lymph nodes. what is the best diagnosis? a、primary pulmonary tuberculosis b、miliary pulmonary tuberculosis c、chronic fibrocavitative pulmonary tuberculosis d、secondary pulmonary tuberculosis
5、which of the following description about pulmonary tuberculosis is incorrect? a、it has a positive association with silicosis. b、it is a common cause of death in aids. c、it is most commonly due to mycobtaterium avium intracellulare. d、it is characterized histologically by granulomas.
6、which is incorrect in the following statements on tuberculosis? a、tuberculoma is inactive, therefore, it may not result in reactivation. b、the main transmission route is respiratory tract. c、the initial lesion of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis is usually located at the apex of the lungs. d、the morphological feature of intestinal tuberculosis is the formation of circumferential ulcers.
7、the patients with typhoid fever usually experience various stages during the course, which picture belongs to the necrotic stage? a、 b、 c、 d、
8、the dominant cells of typhoid nodule are a、neutrophils. b、lymphocytes. c、fibroblasts. d、macrophages.
9、which disease are commonly found to show pseudomembrane? a、tuberculosis b、typhoid fever c、bacillary dysentery d、peptic ulcer disease
10、which is incorrect for human immunodeficiency virus? a、it requires reverse transcriptase from the host cell to replicate. b、it is a dna virus. c、it binds to cd4 positive lymphocytes. d、it is associated with mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection.
11、the transmission of aids does not include a、sexual contact with carrier. b、vertical transmission from mother to fetus in pregnancy. c、sexual contact with healthy partner. d、transfusion of blood and blood products.
12、which pathological change is absent from syphilis? a、rose spot b、gumma c、syphiloma d、skin rash
13、what is the best diagnosis according to the morphological pictures? a、bacillary dysentery b、typhoid fever c、schistosomiasis d、amoebiasis
14、the organisms are found in the patient's stool, which disease should be first considered? a、tuberculosis b、amoebiasis c、schistosomiasis d、bacillary dysentery
15、which manifestation is uncommon in the cirrhosis caused by schistosoma? a、ascites b、decreased liver function c、collateral branches d、splenomegaly
final exam 期末考试
final exam 期末考试
1、which is the main morphological change of the kidney when internal organs are involved along with hypertension progress？ a、hydrophic degeneration b、hyaline degeneration c、fatty degeneration d、pathological calcification
2、which is the serious, fatal lesion when brain tissue is affected by hypertension？ a、cerebral thrombosis b、cerebral edema c、cerebral liquefaction necrosis d、cerebral hemorrhage
3、which is not the main morphological change of hypertension？ a、hydrophic degeneration b、hyaline degeneration c、fibrinoid necrosis d、hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
4、please find out the modifiable risk factor to promote atherosclerosis. a、familial hypercholesterolemia b、cigarette smoking c、increasing age d、male gender
5、the main lipoprotein in the necrotic core of fibrous atherosclerotic plaque is a、triglyceride b、high density lipoprotein cholesterol c、low density lipoprotein cholesterol d、collagen
6、according to the "injury response" model, which of the following lesions can atherosclerosis be considered? a、chronic inflammation b、acute inflammation c、adaptation d、neoplasm
7、what pathological change can you find in the specimen? a、.fibrous atheromatous plaque b、fatty streak c、complicated plaque d、hypertension
8、which area will develop myocardial infarction at first when left circumflex branch has atherosclerotic plaque？ a、the anterior wall of left ventricle b、the anterior wall of right ventricle c、the lateral wall of right ventricle d、the lateral wall of left ventricle
9、myocardial infarction presents necrosis of myocytes. the type of its necrosis is a、liquefaction necrosis b、caseous necrosis c、coagulative necrosis d、fibrinoid necrosis
10、which myocardial ischemia is usually reversible in the following coronary artery heart disease? a、myocardial infarction b、sudden cardial death c、angina pectoris d、chronic ischemic heart disease with congestive heart failure
11、aschoff bodies in the rheumatic pancarditis often lie in a、endocardium b、interstitium of the heart c、pericardium d、atrioventricular valves
12、the blue arrows in the figure show a、anitschkow cells b、fibroblasts c、lymphocytes d、plasma cells
13、the mural endocardial lesions of rheumatic carditis are seen most commonly as a、osler's nodes b、roth spots c、janeway's lesions d、mccallum’s patch
14、the blue arrows in the figure of infective endocarditis show a、vegetations on the tricuspid valves b、vegetations on the aortic valves c、vegetations on the mitral valves d、vegetations on the pulmonary valves
15、the character of vegetations in infective endocarditis is a、single, small，and commonly do not become detached from the valve as emboli. b、multiple, large , and commonly do not become detached from the valve as emboli. c、multiple, large ,and friable and commonly become detached from the valve as emboli. d、single ,small，and commonly become detached from the valve as emboli.
16、we name the painless palm or sole erythematous lesions of infective endocarditis as a、janeway's lesions b、osler's nodes c、aschoff nodules d、roth spots
17、the first effects of mitral stenosis are a、pulmonary hypertension b、chronic passive congestion of the lungs c、dilatation of the right atrium d、dilatation and hypertrophy of the left atrium
18、the murmurs of mitral stenosis are best heard at a、fourth left intercostal space (left lower sternal border) b、second right intercostal space c、fifth left intercostal space (midclavicular line) d、second left intercostal space
19、in these figures, which is the ‘fish-mouth’ mitral orifice? a、 b、 c、 d、
20、which of the following description about the specimen is incorrect? a、the affected lobe is red, firm and consolidated. b、the cut surface is airless, red-pink, dry, granular and has liver-like consistency. c、this is a specimen in the stage of red hepatization. d、there is progressive disintegration of red cells in this stage.
21、which of the following sequence shows four stages of the inflammatory response in lobar pneumonia? a、①②③④ b、②④①③ c、②①④③ d、③④①②
22、which of the following statements about lobar pneumonia is incorrect ? a、high fever and chills are common symptoms in congestion stage. b、the dyspnea is improved due to the decreased blood blow in lesions in resolution stage. c、the patient in red hepatization stage has rusty expectoration. d、patient’s rusty expectoration is instead by mucous suppurative sputum in grey hepatization stage.
23、which of the following description about the figure is correct? a、there is thickening of alveolar walls and infiltration of inflammatory cells. b、neutrophils filled with alveoli. c、the foci of inflammatory condensation is centered by a bronchiole with acute bronchiolitis. d、viral pneumonia can be diagnosed based on this kind of pathologic change.
24、a child has fever and malaise but minimal sputum production. the total leukocyte count is not markedly elevated. mycoplasma pneumoniae is cultured from the nasopharynx. which of the following histologic patterns is most likely to be found in his lung? a、alveolar neutrophilic exudates b、interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates c、hayline membrane formation d、hemorrhagic infarction
25、which of the following statements is incorrect? a、symptoms of bronchopneumonia may be covered by the ones of patients’ basic disease. b、bronchiectasis may occur in bronchopneumonia. c、macrolides, like erythromycin, has effective therapeutic effect on viral pneumonia. d、hacking cough is a common symptom of intestinal pneumonitis.
26、which of the following pathologic features is belong to the centriacinar emphysema？ a、it occurs predominantly in α1-antitrypsin deficiency. b、dilation and destruction primarily involve the central part of the acinus formed by the respiratory bronchioles. c、it refers to the accumulation of air in the interstitial tissues. d、dilation and destruction primarily involve the entire acinus.
27、which of the description about emphysema is wrong? a、there are two major type including alveolar emphysema and compensatory emphysema. b、centriacinar emphysema dilated and destructed primarily involve the central part of the acinus formed by the respiratory bronchioles. c、panacinar emphysema dilated and destructed involve the entire acinus. d、periacinar emphysema can be characterized as distal acinar emphysema.
28、a 33-year-old woman had increasing dyspnea with cough for the past 10 years. over the past 2 days, her cough has become productive of chunks of gelatinous sputum. and she has been choked and died. the gross appearance of the lung at autopsy is shown below. which of the following conditions is most likely to be the underlying cause of death? a、centriacinar emphysema b、panacinar emphysema c、chronic bronchitis d、asthma
29、which is the most common complication of silicosis? a、suppurative pneumonia b、necrotizing bacterial pneumonia c、bacteremia d、tuberculosis
30、which is the pathological change of silicosis? a、acute suppurative inflammation b、silicotic nodule and chronic pulmonary fibrosis c、an important diagnostic feature is the finding of large bronchi near the pleura. d、hemorrhage
31、about chronic cor pulmonale, which is correct? a、it is right ventricular hypertrophy by disorders of the lung. b、it is left ventricular hypertrophy by disorders of the lung. c、it is left atrium hypertrophy by disorders of the lung. d、it is right atrium hypertrophy by disorders of the lung.
32、which picture is the adenocarcinoma of lung? a、 b、 c、 d、
33、a 63-year-old woman has had progressively worsening dyspnea over the past 1 year with noticed a 5-kg weight loss in the past 0.5 year. her husband smokes for over 30 years 2 packs one day. a chest radiograph shows a node on the middle-right lobe near pleura. the edge of the node is not smooth and can see some liner consolidation area. what kind of disease she perhaps has? a、tuberlucosis b、silicosis c、lung carcinoma d、emphysema
34、a 67-year-old man who is a long-term smoker presents with weight loss, a persistent cough, fever, chest pain, and hemoptysis. a chest x-ray reveals a 3.5cm hilar mass on the right and postobstructive pneumonia of the right lower lobe. sputum cytologic is suspicious for malignant cells. histologic examination of a transbronchial biopsy specimen reveals in infiltrating groups of cells with scant cytoplasm. no glandular structures or keratin production are seen. the nuclei of these cells are about twice the size of normal lymphocytes and do not appear to have nucleoli. which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a、large-cell carcinoma b、small-cell carcinoma c、adenocarcinoma d、hamartoma
35、who gain the nobel prize for discovery of helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach? a、virchow b、krukenberg c、wollen d、warren and marshall
36、which is not associated with the pathogenesis of acute gastritis? a、heavy smoking b、helicobacter pylori infection c、heavy use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(nsaids), particularly aspirin d、excessive alcohol consumption
37、which feature is true in the autoimmune gastritis? a、its sequelae is associated with peptic ulcer. b、in serology, antibodies to h.pylori can be detected. c、in serology, antibodies to parietal cells can be detected. d、it occurs commonly at the pylorus.
38、which is not belong to increased aggravating causes in peptic ulcer? a、mucosal epithelial regeneration b、h. pylori infection c、nsaid drugs(aspirin) d、alcohol
39、what is the most typical pathological change in this picture? a、acute gastritis b、gastric cancer c、gastric ulcer d、chronic gastritis
40、which is not the characteristics of peptic ulcer？ a、ulcer is round-to-oval in shape. b、the base of ulcer is smooth and clean. c、mucosal folds around the ulcer appear to radiate outward. d、ulcer is usually solitary and often more than 5cm in diameter.
41、esophageal carcinoma arises mostly in a、the lower part of esophagus. b、the middle third of esophagus. c、the upper part of esophagus. d、the esophageal-gastric junction.
42、which is not the premalignant lesions in colon carcinoma? a、villous adenomas b、chronic ulcerative colitis c、familial polyposis of the colon d、acute appendicitis
43、which of the following discription about ulcerative type of gastric cancer is incorrect? a、the ulcer edge is irregular and everted. b、the mucosal fold of radiation surrounding ulcer is interrupted. c、the size of ulcer is usually less than 2cm in diameter. d、shaggy-necrosis and hemorrhage are seen in the ulcer bed.
44、which of the following statement is correct? a、acute fulminant hepatitis is associated with abrupt onset of liver failure. b、hepatitis a has the lowest frequency to develop to a acute liver disease. c、hepatocellular carcinoma is always composed of abnormal well-differentiated liver cells. d、grossly, hepatocellular carcinoma only presents as a large solitary mass.
45、the following h&e figure shows ‘ground-glass’ hepatocytes, and the finely granular pink cytoplasmic inclusions show a、hbsab b、hbeag c、hbsag d、hbcab
46、which of the following hepatocellular necrosis is characterized by bands of necrosis linking portal tracts to central hepatic veins, one central hepatic vein to another, or a portal tract to another? a、spotty necrosis b、submassive necrosis c、massive necrosis d、bridging necrosis
47、which of the following is not a possible mechanism of fibrosis in cirrhosis? a、transformation of hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblasts b、transformation of hepatocytes into myofibroblasts c、proliferation of fibrocytes d、reticulin collapse
48、which of the following is not the clinic feature of liver failure? a、jaundice b、periumbilical caput medusae c、bleeding tendency d、testicular atrophy
49、which of the following is absent in the histologic section？ a、pseudomembrane b、pseudolobules c、degeneration of hepatocytes d、inflammatory cells
50、which of the following is not in the development of alcoholic liver disease？ a、immunologic mechanism b、normal redox c、oxidative stress d、hepatotoxicity by ethanol metabolites
51、which of the following statement is not true about the two histologic sections of hepatocellular carcinoma？ a、the right neoplasm is less-well differentiated. b、both of the two neoplasms show structural atypia. c、the left neoplasm is less-well differentiated. d、cytologic atypia includes increase in size of the tumor cells and cell nucleus, and nucleic to cytoplasmic ratio.
52、what is the most likely diagnosis of this specimen? a、hepatitis a b、cirrhosis complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma c、hepatitis b d、hepatocellular steatosis
53、which of the following are two most common syndromes of glomerular disease? a、nephrotic syndrome and acute kidney injury b、nephritic syndrome and chronic kidney disease c、acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease d、nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome
54、which of the following symptom is most likely the culprit in nephrotic syndrome? a、hypoalbuminemia b、heavy proteinuria c、severe edema d、lipiduria
55、which of the following statements about the acute nephritic syndrome is incorrect? a、hypertension and edema rarely occur. b、it is characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, azotemia, and hypertension. c、it usually has an acute onset and is caused by inflammatory lesions of glomeruli. d、patient with nephritic syndrome may tell you that he has dark urine.
56、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、this kind of flea-bitten kidney is seen in acute post-infectious gn. b、infiltration of leukocytes is not common to see. c、there is increased cellularity of the glomerular tufts, and nearly all glomeruli are affected. d、hypercellularity is partly caused by proliferation and swelling of glomerular cells.
57、which of the following statements about rpgn is incorrect? a、it is characterized by presence of crescents outside the glomerular capillaries, and it’s also called crescentic gn. b、the crescents may be cellular, or cellular-fibrinous, or fibrinous. c、it is a specific etiologic form of gn, with chronic loss of renal function. d、the prognosis depends on the percentage of affected glomeruli.
58、a 2-year-old boy is being evaluated for the development of progressive peripheral edema. physical examination finds that he is afebrile, and his blood pressure is normal. laboratory examination finds decreased serum albumin, increased serum cholesterol, and normal bun and creatinine. examination of his urine finds massive proteinuria and lipiduria, but no rbc. which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a、acute post-infectious gn b、rpgn c、mpgn d、minimal change gn
59、which of the following statements is incorrect? a、in clinic, iga nephropathy is common in children and teenagers. b、patients with iga nephropathy usually have recurrent hematuria following a mucosal infection. c、the prognosis of chronic gn is good, as there is no acute damage to the kidney. d、various glomerular diseases may go to a stage of chronic gn.
60、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、the surface of the kidney is irregularly scarred. b、histologically, the tubules show different degree of atrophy and dilatation. c、glomeruli looks intact, but glomerulosclerosis develops. d、grossly, both kidneys are involved, equally damaged and equally contracted.
61、which of the following statements about pyelonephritis is incorrect? a、chronic pyelonephritis usually has an acute onset, and only localizing urinary tract signs. b、acute pyelonephritis is a common suppurative inflammation of the kidney and is mostly caused by bacterial infection. c、the bacteria can enter into the urinary tract by ascending infection and haematogenous infection. d、reflux nephropathy is the most common cause of chronic pyelonephritis.
62、which of the following statements about renal cell carcinoma (rcc) is incorrect? a、rcc is categorized into several subtypes, based mainly on how the cancer cells look under a microscope. b、the common locations for metastases are the liver and the brain. c、hematuria is the most frequent symptom, occurring in more than 50% of cases. d、treatment and prognosis depend upon the extent of tumor involvement.
63、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、the gross pattern of this tumor is papillary. b、the tumor is located in the trigone, where is a common affected site. c、histologically, adenocarcinoma is seen. d、histologically, neoplastic cells are arranged into papillary shape, and the cell density is increased.
64、a 65-year-old man recently retired after many years in a job that involved exposure to aniline dyes. one month ago, he had an episode of hematuria that was not accompanied by abdominal pain. on physical examination, there are no abnormal findings. urinalysis shows hematuria (4 ) and no ketones, glucose, or protein. the result of a urine culture is negative. what is the most likely diagnosis? a、renal clear cell carcinoma b、glomerular disease c、pyelonephritis d、urothelial carcinoma
65、sil and cervical carcinoma usually occur at a、mature glycogenated squamous epithelium b、squamocolumnar junction c、columnar endocervical glandular epithelium d、squamous epithelial covering of the exocervix
66、chronic cervicitis does not present a、cervical erosion b、nabothian cysts c、squamous metaplasia d、microinvasive squamous cell
67、a 45-year-old woman patient has a positive acetic acid test by colposcopy, and pap smear and biopsy results are shown as follows, how would you diagnose her? a、lsil b、chronic cervicitis c、hsil d、in situ carcinoma of the cervix
68、according to clinical classification system, breast cancers are divided into the following types except for a、er positive b、triple positive c、her2 positive d、triple negative
70、which of the following statement about the teratoma in the figure is correct? a、the hair belongs to mesoderm. b、teeth belongs to endoderm. c、greasy sebaceous secretion originates from ectoderm. d、this is most likely a malignant teratoma.
71、the most marked difference between invasive mole and choriocarcinoma is a、the villi do not invade the myometrium in invasive mole. b、there are no villi formed in choriocarcinoma. c、the villi have functional capillaries in choriocarcinoma. d、there is no hemorrhage in invasive mole.
72、which disease is not risk factor for choriocarcinoma? a、cin b、hydatidiform mole c、ectopic pregnancy d、abortion
73、which of the following description is not true about the histologic section? a、the edematous villous stroma gets loose. b、there are proliferation of both cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic cells. c、the villi invade the smooth muscles of the uterine. d、there are some functional capillaries in the villi.
74、which of the following clinical manifestation is not seen in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients? a、difficulty in starting the stream of urine b、hematuria c、intermittent interruption of the urinary stream while voiding d、urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia
75、which of the following is the ultimate hormonal stimulus for benign prostatic hyperplasia? a、testosterone b、androgen c、estrogen d、dihydrotestosterone (dht)
76、which of the following histologic slides shows carcinoma of the prostate? a、 b、 c、 d、
77、which of the following morphological change does not indicate endemic goiter? a、 b、 c、 d、
78、which of the following description is not true about the papillary carcinoma of thyroid? a、these neoplasms are composed of highly anaplastic cells, which often invade adjacent structures. b、papillary carcinomas are solitary or multifocal lesions. c、branching papillae have a fibrovascular stalk, which are covered by layers of cuboidal epithelial cells. d、there are intranuclear grooves or pseudoinclusions in the cytoplasm.
79、which of the following pathologic change is not commonly seen in diabetes mellitus? a、nodular glomerulosclerosis b、hyaline arteriolosclerosis c、diffuse granular transformation of the surface and thickened cortex in the kidney d、amyloid deposition in the islets
80、which of the following is the typical pattern of csf in acute bacterial meningitis? a、lymphocytosis, increased protein level and decreased glucose levels. b、neutrophilic predominance, increased csf protein, decreased csf glucose. c、lymphocytosis, moderate protein elevation, and a normal glucose level. d、neutrophilic predominance, moderate protein elevation, and a normal glucose level.
81、which of the following description about the figure is incorrect? a、grossly, there is thick white exudate on the surface of the brain. b、the picture in the right shows a well-formed granuloma with central caseous necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells and langhans’ giant cells. c、these are typical pathological changes of acute bacterial meningitis. d、if z-n stain is done, acid-fast bacilli can be demonstrated.
82、which of the following statements about bacterial meningitis is incorrect? a、the most likely causes of bacterial meningitis vary with patient age. b、chronic bacterial meningitis is mainly caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. c、acute bacterial meningitis is a true medical emergency. d、iatrogenic infection is the most common route of infection for bacterial meningitis.
83、which of the following statements about alzheimer disease is incorrect? a、if treated early, patients will have a complete recovery. b、it is the most common cause of dementia. c、memory loss is a characteristic symptom in the early stage. d、finally, patients will lose their bodily functions.
84、which figures show the midbrain from patient with pd? a、①③ b、①④ c、②④ d、②③
85、which of the following statements about parkinson disease is incorrect? a、the cause of pd is still unclear. b、diagnosis of pd is made based on pathological changes. c、patients with pd may have rigid muscles, a monotone speech and small writing. d、levodopa can help pd patients manage problems with walking, movement and tremor.
86、among the tuberculous granuloma, the cells marked with red arrows are a、lymphocytes b、plasma cells c、epithelioid cells d、langhans' cells
87、among the tuberculous granuloma, the structure within the red ellipse is a、calcification b、caseous necrosis c、liquefied necrosis d、germinal center
88、which morphological change is diagnostic for tuberculosis? a、granulomas with liquefied necrosis b、lymphocytes infiltration c、fibroblasts proliferation d、granulomas with caseous necrosis
89、which type has the worst prognosis among secondary pulmonary tuberculosis? a、tuberculoma b、infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis c、chronic fibrotic cavitary tuberculosis d、caseous pneumonia
90、which is false in the following statements about pulmonary tuberculosis? a、primary pulmonary tuberculosis is common in the basal segment of the upper lobe or the apical segment of the lower lobe. b、dissemination mainly takes place via the bronchi for primary pulmonary tuberculosis. c、the prognosis of primary pulmonary tuberculosis is better than that of secondary type. d、tuberculoma has a well formed fibrous capsule, but it can still be reactivated.
91、what is the best diagnosis based on the following specimen? a、secondary pulmonary tuberculosis b、miliary tuberculosis c、tuberculoma d、primary pulmonary tuberculosis
92、which cells are rare among the typhoid nodule? a、neutrophils b、macrophages c、lymphocytes d、typhoid cells
93、what is the best diagnosis based on the specimen? a、tuberculosis b、typhoid fever c、peptic ulcer disease d、bacillary dysentery
94、the following figure shows the histological changes of bacillary dysentery, the structure within the red rectangle is a、ulcer b、epithelium c、pseudomembrane d、serosa
95、the pathological changes of aids do not include a、the number of cd4 cells increased b、kaposi sarcoma c、malignant b cell lymphomas d、opportunistic infection
96、which of the following tissues are mainly affected in the tertiary syphilis? a、lung, aorta b、brain, liver c、lung, liver d、brain, aorta
97、the basic pathological change in syphilis is a、endoarteritis and periarteritis b、aneurysm c、neurosyphilis d、aortitis
98、which is the main route if the schistosomal eggs in the colon spread to the liver? a、lymphatic vessels b、portal venous system c、pulmonary circulation d、direct spread
99、which form can make the serious tissue injury during the life cycle of schistosoma? a、adult worm b、cercaria c、schistosomulum d、egg
100、considering the following specimen, what is the best diagnosis? a、purulent inflammation b、amoebiasis c、schistosomiasis d、tuberculosis