the first week: introduction for physiology and transmembrane transportationthe first week: introduction for physiology and transmembrane transportation1、the physiological importance of positive feedback control is
a、promote an activity to finish
b、maintenance of the homeostasis of internal environment
c、promote the growth and development of organism
d、independent of the neural and humoral regulation
2、as the arterial pressure vibrates at 80 - 120 mmhg, the renal blood flow does not change. if you want to prove the hypothesis that this property of the renal blood flow is dependent on the autoregulation of the blood vessels, which kind of experimen you should performe?
a、acute and in vitro physiological experiment.
b、acute and in vivo physiological experiment.
c、cell culture
d、histological experiment
3、the mechanism of the life could be disclosed intensively and clearly through the experiments at the level of
a、cell and molecule
b、tissue and organ
c、organ and system
d、whole organism
4、the capillary bed open as the metablites accumulate following the enhanced metablitic activity of local tissue. it is controlled by
a、local humoral regulaiton
b、neural regulation
c、distal humoral regulation
d、neural-humoral regulation
5、which kind of molecules or ions could be transported across the membrane independent on the integral protein.
a、gas molecules such as co2 and o2
b、glucose
c、na
d、protein
6、the correct description about homeostasis include:
a、the internal environment of healthy individual is in the state of homeostasis.
b、the loss of homeostasis might induce illness or even death.
c、one of the importance of the clinical treatment is to restore the homeostasis of the patient.
d、negative feedback system maintains the internal environment at homeostasis.
7、the properties of the conditioned reflex include
a、the number is infinite
b、dependent on the environment the individual lives in
c、congenital
d、fixed reflex
8、which one below could act as humoral regulating factor in blood.
a、glucose
b、co2
c、o2
d、thyroid hormones
9、the properties of the humoral regulation include
a、response slowly
b、acts extensively
c、dependent on the neural regulation
d、acts transiently
10、the properties of the secondary active transport include
a、transportation uphill against the concentration gradient.
b、coupled with facilitated passive transport
c、chemical specificity
d、the transporter is atpase
the second week: the bioelectrical physiology on plasma membranethe second week: the bioelectrical physiology on plasma membrane1、at resting state, the concentration gradient of k across the cell membrane is constant, while there is current across membrane. this is because
a、the activity of na /k pump.
b、the na influx is identical to k outflux.
c、the transmembrane flux is too small to change the concentration gradient of k .
d、the activity of ca2 pump.
2、if the membrane potential is fixed from resting potential to -9 mv, which kind of membrane could be recorded
a、early transit influx and later long-lasting outfulx.
b、stable influx.
c、stable outfulx.
d、early transit outflux and late long-lasting influx.
3、the depolarization phase of ap is attributed to
a、na influx
b、k outflux
c、na outflux
d、k outflux
4、whether or not a stimulation could induce ap on the excitable membrane is determined by
a、strength
b、duration
c、rate of the change of the stimulation.
d、the property of the stimulation.
5、the stimulation that could induce action potential should be
a、threshold stimulation
b、suprathreshold stimulation
c、subthreshold stimulation
d、none of all.
6、the voltage clamp could
a、fix the membrane potential at any level.
b、record the membrane current.
c、record the change of membrane potential
d、record single channel current
7、the plasma membrane of neuron at resting state is permeable only to k .
8、the stimulation most used in physiological experiments is electrical stimulation.
9、the local current and local potential is the basis for the propagation of action potential on the membrane.
10、if ap was initiated at cell body on an afferent neuron, it will propagate to the axon ending.
the third week: muscle contraction and bloodthe third week: muscle contraction and blood1、a baby will suffer neonatal hemolytic anemia if the blood of
a、his mother is rh- and his blood is rh
b、his mother is rh and his blood is rh
c、his mother is rh and his blood is rh-
d、his mother is rh- and his blood is rh-
2、the red blood cells of a patient coagulate if it is incubated in the serum of type b blood, but the red blood cells from type b blood does not coagulate if it is incubated in the serum of this patient. the blood type of this patient is
a、ab
b、a
c、b
d、o
3、which description is correct about thrombin?
a、promote the decomposition of fibrinogen into fibrin.
b、is glutamic acid transferase
c、polymerize the fibrin monomer molecules into long fibrin fibers.
d、combine with factor vii and ca2
4、the spontaneous blood spot is always appeared in patient with the decreased number of platelets in blood. it is because
a、there are too less platelets to maintain the integrity of blood vessel endothelium.
b、there are too less platelet to aggregate into platelet plug.
c、there are too less platelet to release enough vascular active substances.
d、there are too less platelet to induce vascular spasm.
5、the anticoagulants effect of sodium citrate is attributed to
a、complexation of ca2 in the plasma.
b、promoting the effect of antithrombin iii
c、inhibiting the activity of thrombin.
d、neutralizing the acidic clotting factors
6、thick filament is conposed of
a、myosin
b、actin
c、tropomyosin
d、troponin
7、the preload affect the performance of muscle contraction through
a、autoregulation
b、neural regulation
c、humoral regulation
d、neuro-humoral regulation.
8、the maximal active tension the muscle could develp at the optimal initial length, this is because
a、at this initial lenght, the most number of cross bridge could be involved in the filament sliding.
b、at this initial length, the concentration of ca2 in the intracllular fluid reaches the highest.
c、at this initial length, the speed of the filament sliding is fastest.
d、at this initial length, the atpase at the myosin head is most active.
9、the tetanus of skeletal muscle is due to
a、summation of twitich during muscle contraction.
b、summation of the successive subthreshold stimulation.
c、summation of action potentials during muscle contraction
d、summation of action potential during muscle relaxation.
e、summation of twitch during muscle relaxation.
10、during the tetanus, the action potential on the muscle membrane
a、could not be summated.
b、appear after the former action potential initiates contraction.
c、the amplitude will incease.
d、the amplitude will decrease.
e、the frequency will decrease.
11、the initial length of the muscle is dependent on
a、preload.
b、active tension.
c、the difference between the preload and afterload.
d、afterload.
e、sum of preload and afterload.
12、during resting state, which molecule provents the binding between myosin head and actin.
a、tropomyosin
b、myosin
c、troponin
d、actin
13、in the sciatic nerve - sartorius experiments, the fatigue of muscle contraction after successive stimulation of nerve fiber is caused by
a、the inhibition of the signal transmission at neuro-muscle junction.
b、the decrease of the action potential amplitude.
c、the decreae of the speed action potential propagates on the nerve fiber.
d、the low excitability of the muscle.
e、the decreased efficiency of the signal transmission at triad of the sarcolemma.
14、which one of the below description is not correct if the aterload of the muscle is increaed while preload is maintained constant.
a、the amplitude of the muscle shorten will be increased.
b、the active tension of the muscle will increae.
c、the latency between the action potential initiation and the muscle shorting will be longer.
d、the velocity of the muscle shorten will be decreasd.
15、which part of heart has fastest conduction?
a、purkinje network
b、sa node
c、av node
d、his bundle
16、the reasons why the blood does not coagulated in healthy vessels include
a、the speed of the blood flow is fast
b、the intravascular membrane is integrated and smooth
c、the effect of fibrinolysis system in the blood
d、the effect of anticoagulant system in the blood
17、the process of hemostasis following the rupture of blood vessels include
a、vescular spam
b、formation of platelet plug
c、blood clot contraction
d、repair of the blood vessels
18、the effects of platelet in the hemostasis include
a、adhere to the collagen fiber under the endothelium.
b、release of adp and txa2 to promote more platelets to aggregate.
c、release txa2 to enhance vascular spam.
d、release of pf3 to promote coagulation.
19、the clotting factors that synthesized in liver in the presence of vit k include
a、fii
b、fvii
c、fix
d、fx
20、the chemicals that could prevent blood coagulation include
a、potassium oxalate or ammonium oxalate.
b、heparin.
c、sodium citrate
d、bishydroxycoumarin
21、the anticoagulant system in the blood is consist of
a、tfpi
b、antithrombin
c、heparin
d、protein c system
22、mysin head could bind with
a、atp
b、actin
c、tropomysin
d、troponin
23、thin filament is composed of
a、actin
b、tropomyosin
c、troponin
d、mysini
24、the commom properties of the skeletal and cardiac muscle excitation-contraction coupling include
a、ap on the membrane initiates muscle contraction.
b、rhydonine receptor controls ca2 release from sarcoplamic reticulum.
c、excitation-contraction coupling is dependent on the ca2 influx.
d、dph recepor on the transverse tubule is voltage dependent ca2 channel.
25、clotting factor vii initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
26、the transverse tubule of the sarcolemma is belong to the intracellular membrane system.
27、the rhynodine receptor on the longitudinal tubule of the cardiac musle controls the ca2 influx from extracellular fluid.
the fourth week: cardiac physiologythe fourth week: cardiac physiology1、which of the following contains blood with a relatively high oxygen content?
a、right ventricle
b、left ventricle
c、superior vena cava
d、right atrium
2、during isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles:
a、aortic blood flow is reversed
b、when both ventricles reach the same pressure their respective outflow valves open
c、ventricular pressure rises rapidly
d、the pulmonary valve is not yet shut
3、during the cardiac cycle,
a、the volume of blood leaving the left side of the heart is greater than that leaving the right side.
b、the duration of systole is greater than that of diastole.
c、the pressure of blood leaving the right side of the heart is greater than that leaving the left side.
d、the duration of diastole is greater than that of systole.
4、when do the a-v valves close during the cardiac cycle?
a、when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the atria
b、when pressure inside the atria is greater than that inside the ventricles
c、when pressure is greater in the aorta than in the left ventricle
d、when pressure inside the ventricles is at its lowest
5、which of the following events occurs at the end of the period of ventricular ejection?
a、a-v valves close
b、pulmonary valve closes
c、aortic valve opens
d、a-v valves open
6、cardiac output
a、b and c.
b、is the volume of blood pumped per minute by both ventricles.
c、is product of the number of heartbeats per minute and the volume pumped per beat.
d、varies with sex, age, and exercise.
7、in a resting adult, the typical ventricular ejection fraction has what value?
a、20%
b、40%
c、60%
d、80%
8、which of the following events is associated with the first heart sound?
a、beginning of diastole
b、closing of the aortic valve
c、inrushing of blood into the ventricles during diastole
d、closing of the a-v valves
9、in which of the following disorders would left ventricular hypertrophy （肥大）normally occur?
a、aortic stenosis (狭窄)
b、mitral stenosis (狭窄)
c、tricuspid regurgitation（反流）
d、pulmonary valve regurgitation（反流）
10、what will happen to the cardiac output if the afterload of heart (bp) is increased?
a、the cardiac output will increase
b、the cardiac output will never decrease
c、the cardiac output will not decrease until the mean arterial pressure rises above about 160 mmhg
d、the cardiac output will decrease
11、in exercise condition, cardiac output is mainly regulated by
a、heterometric regulation
b、homometric regulation
c、afterload
d、preload
12、which statement about the normal cardiac cycle is right?
a、atrium and ventricle contracts simultaneously
b、atrium-ventricular valves and aorta valves sometimes open simultaneously
c、the atrial pressure is lower than ventricular pressure
d、atrium-ventricular valves and aorta valves sometimes close simultaneously
13、what is the effect of verapamil (a calcium channel blocker) on the action potential of purkinje cell?
a、the amplitude of phase 0 depolarization reduces
b、the duration of phase 2 repolarization decreases
c、the duration of phase 1 repolarization decreases
d、the duration of phase 3 repolarization decreases
14、the cardiac output:
a、is the most perfect indicator to be used for assessment of work output of the heart.
b、is increased by stimulation of the vagus nerve.
c、co=sv/edv ⅹ 100%
d、is largely determined by the end-diastolic volume.
15、s2 sound is the marker of
a、ventricular isometric contraction
b、ventricular isometric relaxation
c、ventricular filling
d、atrium contraction
16、the duration of effective refractory period of ventricular cell mainly depends on：
a、level of threshold potential
b、amplitude of phase 0 depolarization
c、function of na -k pump
d、duration of phase 2 (plateau)
17、what kinds of channels open during the phase 2 of the ventricular action potential?
a、na channel and cl- channel
b、na channel and ca2 channel
c、ca2 channel and k channel
d、na channel and k channel
18、which one is not right about the refractory period of the cardiac working cells?
a、covers the period of contraction and part of the relaxation of the ventricular muscle
b、sets the sequence of the contraction of atrium and ventricular muscle
c、makes the ventricular muscle systole and diastole occur alternately
d、the duration is about 250 msec, longer than that of skeletal muscle
19、in which phase of the ventricular muscle action potential is the potassium permeability the highest?
a、phase 3
b、phase 1
c、phase 2
d、phase 4
20、which one of the following is not the characteristic of cardiacna channels?
a、very fast opening
b、responsible for initiating and propagating the action potential in fast response cells
c、threshold potential is –40mv
d、not tetrodotoxin sensitive
21、which of the following is most likely to cause the heart to go into spastic contraction?
a、increased sympathetic activity
b、increased body temperature
c、excess extracellular fluid calcium ions
d、decreased extracellular fluid potassium ions
22、which of the following conditions will result in a flaccid heart?
a、excess calcium ions in the blood
b、excess sodium ions in the blood
c、excess potassium ions in the blood
d、increased sympathetic stimulation
23、cardiac muscle is different from skeletal muscle because:
a、fast na channels
b、presence of actin and myosin
c、na -k pump
d、slow ca2 channels
24、the precondition for excitability of s-a node cell is:
a、fast na channel is in open state
b、slow ca2 channel is in resting state
c、fast na channel is in resting state
d、slow ca2 channel is in open state
25、if the ventricular purkinje fibers become the pacemaker of the heart, what is the expected heart rate?
a、50/min
b、75/min
c、30/min
d、100/min
26、which area allows the atria to completely empty as the ventricles fill with blood?
a、a-v bundle
b、s-a node
c、a-v node
d、purkinje fibers
27、which part of heart has fastest conduction?
a、av node
b、purkinje network
c、sa node
d、his bundle
the fifth week: vascular physiology and cardiovascular controlthe fifth week: vascular physiology and cardiovascular control1、which part provides the greatest resistance to blood flow?
a、aorta
b、arteriole
c、venules
d、capillaries
2、which of the following does not contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?
a、increased end-diastolic volume.
b、increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle.
c、increased venous return.
d、increased length of filling time during diastole.
3、release of which of the following substances causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability during anaphylactic shock?
a、nitric oxide （一氧化氮）
b、bradykinin （缓激肽）
c、histamine （组胺）
d、atrial natriuretic peptide （心房钠尿肽）
4、a 30-year-old male is resting, and his sympathetic output increases to maximal values. which of the following sets of changes would be expected in response to this increased sympathetic output?
a、resistance to venous return↓, mean systemic filling pressure↓
b、resistance to venous return↑, mean systemic filling pressure↓.
c、resistance to venous return↑, mean systemic filling pressure↑.
d、resistance to venous return↓, mean systemic filling pressure↑.
5、a healthy 28-year-old woman stands up from a supine position. moving from a supine to a standing position results in a transient decrease in arterial pressure that is detected by arterial baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. which of the following sets of cardiovascular changes is most likely to occur in response to activation of the baroreceptors?
a、mean circulatory filling pressure↓, strength of cardiac contraction↑, sympathetic nerve activity↑.
b、mean circulatory filling pressure↓, strength of cardiac contraction↓, sympathetic nerve activity↑.
c、mean circulatory filling pressure↑, strength of cardiac contraction↑, sympathetic nerve activity↑.
d、mean circulatory filling pressure↓, strength of cardiac contraction↓, sympathetic nerve activity↓.
6、a 22-year-old man enters the hospital emergency room after severing a major artery in a motorcycle accident. it is estimated that he has lost approximately 700 ml of blood. his blood pressure is 90/55 mm hg. which of the following sets of changes would be expected in response to hemorrhage in this man?
a、heart rate↑, sympathetic nerve activity↑, total peripheral resistance↓.
b、heart rate↓, sympathetic nerve activity↓, total peripheral resistance↓.
c、heart rate↑, sympathetic nerve activity↑, total peripheral resistance↑.
d、heart rate↓, sympathetic nerve activity↑, total peripheral resistance↑.
7、a 70-year-old man enters the hospital emergency department and has been experiencing severe diarrhea（腹泻）. he has pallor, tachycardia, and an arterial pressure of 80/50, and has trouble walking. which of the following therapies would the physician recommend to prevent shock?
a、blood infusion
b、administration of an antihistamine（抗组胺药）
c、infusion of a sympathomimetic drug （拟交感神经药）
d、infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution
8、the increase in heart rate caused by seeing a wild dog run after you is probably the result of the _____.
a、medullary accelerator center
b、increase in blood pressure
c、sympathetic nerves
d、hypothalamus
9、if a patient undergoing spinal anesthesia experiences a large decrease in arterial pressure and goes into shock, which of the following would be the therapy of choice?
a、infusion of sympathomimetic drug
b、plasma infusion
c、saline infusion
d、blood infusion
10、sympathetic stimulation of the heart normally causes which of the following conditions?
a、acetylcholine release at the sympathetic endings
b、decreased heart rate
c、decreased force of contraction of the atria
d、increased force of contraction of the ventricles
11、which nerve does not keep tonic discharge during the physiological state?
a、sympathetic vasoconstrictor fiber
b、sympathetic vasodilator fiber
c、noradrenergic（产去甲肾上腺素的） sympathetic cardiac fiber
d、cholinergic(类胆碱的) vagal cardiac fiber
12、filariasis(丝虫病) causes edema by
a、blocking the lymphatic drainage
b、decreasing the plasma colloid osmotic pressure
c、increasing the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
d、increasing the capillary pressure
13、norepinephrine increases the ventricular contractility by increasing the permeability of
a、na channel
b、k channel
c、ca2 channel
d、cl- channel
14、which factor does not influence the venous return?
a、cardiac contractility
b、position of the body
c、elasticity of the windkessel vessel
d、action of “muscular pump”
15、the arterial blood pressure:
a、depends solely on the cardiac output.
b、the mean arterial pressure of a normal young adult averages about 100 mmhg.
c、is due to the vascular resistance of the capillaries.
d、is the arithmetic average of the systolic and diastolic pressures.
16、the elasticity of the windkessel vessel mainly influence
a、pulse pressure
b、systolic pressure (ps)
c、diastole pressure (pd)
d、peripheral venous pressure
17、during the cardiac cycle of a normal healthy young adult:
a、during ventricular diastole the pressure in the left ventricle is close to 80 mm hg (10.6 kpa).
b、during ventricular systole, all the blood in the ventricles is ejected.
c、at the end of ejection, the blood pressure reached the highest level.
d、during the initial stage of ventricular contraction the volume of the ventricle does not change.
18、concerning the nervous regulation of the circulation:
a、the baroreceptors are mainly responsible for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.
b、if the arterial pressure suddenly falls the baroreceptor reflex increases the heart rate.
c、the baroreceptors are found in the aortic and carotid bodies.
d、the control center of cardiovascular system is the spinal cord.
19、which of the following organs is able to tolerate the greatest restriction in blood flow?
a、brain
b、heart
c、skin
d、skeletal muscles
20、the sounds of korotkoff are produced by
a、the turbulent flow of blood through an artery.
b、closing of the semilunar valves
c、closing of the av valves.
d、elastic recoil of the aorta.
21、blood pressure is lowest in
a、veins
b、venules
c、capillaries
d、arterioles
22、blood pressure increases and heart rate decreases in response to
a、increase of body temperature
b、intravenously injection of noradrenaline
c、exercise
d、exposure to high altitude
23、if systolic blood pressure is 125mmhg, diastolic pressure is 80mmhg, the mean blood pressure will be
a、95mmhg
b、100.25mmhg
c、90mmhg
d、80mmhg
24、an increase in which of the following tends to increase capillary filtration rate?
a、interstitial hydrostatic pressure
b、plasma sodium concentration
c、capillary wall hydraulic conductivity
d、plasma colloid osmotic pressure
25、 the figure shown above is the ecg recorded by lead ii. the qrs complex (qrs 波群）correlate to which period of the cardiac cycle?
a、ventricular isometric relaxation.
b、ventricular isometric contraction
c、ventricular ejection period.
d、ventricular filling period.
26、we could use ecg to
a、detect the heart murmur (杂音)
b、diagnose the atrioventricular block (房室传导阻滞)
c、measure stroke volume.
d、mesure cardiac volume.
e、detect atrioventricular stenosis.
the sixth week: respiratory systemthe sixth week: respiratory system1、pulmonary ventilation is
a、gas exchange between pulmonary alveoli and blood.
b、gas exchange between air and anatomic dead space.
c、gas exchange between atmosphere and lung
d、the process o2 enters alveolar from atmosphere
2、pulmonary gas exchange is the process of
a、gas exchange between alveoli and anatomic dead space.
b、gas exchange between lung and atmosphere.
c、gas exchange between alveolar and skeletal muscle cells.
d、gas exchange between alveolar and surrounding capillary.
3、internal respiration is
a、gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the capillary surrounding the alveoli.
b、gas exchange between the cells and the blood in the capillary.
c、gas change between the cells in the tissue.
d、gas exchange between mitochondria and intracellular fluid.
4、the driving force for the pulmonary gas change is
a、respiratory movement
b、pressure difference across the respiratory membrane
c、difference between pulmonary pressure and pleural pressure
d、pressure difference between alveoli and atmosphere.
e、difference between pulmonary pressure and atmosphere.
5、which one is correct about the pleural pressure
a、the little fluid in the pleural cavity
b、positive during expiration
c、facilitate the venous return in the pleural cavity
d、constant during respiration
6、during quiet breathing, the pleural pressure
a、is lower than atmosphere pressure during inspiration, higher than atmosphere pressure during expiration.
b、is equal to the atmosphere during expiration.
c、constant during respiration
d、is lower than atmosphere in both inspiration and expiration.
e、is negative in inspiration, and positive in expiration.
7、which one is correct about the physiological importance of alveolar surfactant?
a、increase the formation of interstitial fluid between alveoli and pulmonary mesenchyme.
b、increase the elastic force of lung tissues.
c、decrease the pulmonary compliance.
d、increase the alveolar surface tension.
e、decrease the resistance during inspiration.
8、the major factor that cause the alveoli to collapse is
a、pleural pressure
b、contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchia.
c、alveolar surface tension
d、atmosphere pressure.
e、pulmonary pressure.
9、which of the following factors will increase the pulmonary compliance.
a、decrease of pulmonary elastic resistance.
b、increase of airway resistance.
c、decrease of airway resistance.
d、increase of pulmonary elastic resistance.
e、reduced amount of surfactant.
10、the major component of pulmonary inelastic resistance is
a、alveolar surfactant
b、viscous resistance of tissue.
c、airway resistance
d、inertial resistance
e、elastic recoil of the lung.
11、the increase of pulmonary compliance means that
a、increase of the surface tension.
b、decrease of airway resistance.
c、increase of pulmonary elastic resistance.
d、decrease of pulmonary elastic resistance.
e、increase of airway resistance.
12、which factor induce the increase of the airway radius?
a、release of histamine.
b、release of endothelin.
c、excitation of sympathetic nerve
d、excitation of parasympathetic nerve.
e、release of leukotrienes
13、the maximal amount of air the lung can exchange with the atmosphere is
a、inspiratory reserve volume
b、tidal volume
c、functional residual volume
d、vital capacity
e、forced vital capacity
14、pulmonary ventilation - alveolar ventilation =
a、tidal volume x respiratory rate
b、residual volume x respiratory rate
c、functional residue capacity x respiratory rate
d、vital capacity x respiratory rate
e、dead space x respiratory rate
15、if the respiratory rate is increased from 12/min to 24/min, and the tidal volume volume is decreased from 500 ml to 250 ml, then
a、alveolar ventilation will decrease.
b、alveolar ventilation will increase.
c、pulmonary ventilation will increase.
d、alveolar ventilation will decrease.
e、alveolar ventilation does not change.
16、alveolar ventilation is
a、the amount of air inhaled into or exhaled from the lung in one quiet respiratory cycle.
b、the total volume of air inhaled forcefully in one respiratory cycle.
c、the total volume of new air entering the alveoli each minute.
d、the amount of air inhaled into or exhaled from the lung in one minute in quiet respiration.
e、the total volume of air in lung at the end of quite expiration.
17、vital capacity is equal to
a、tidal volume expiratory reserve volume
b、tidal volume residual volume
c、tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume
d、tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume
e、tidal volume functional residual capacity
18、the po2 is highest at
a、venous blood
b、blood in the capillary
c、intracellular fluid
d、arterial blood
e、extracellular fluid
19、below is the respiratory and cardiac parameters of a young man: minute pulmonary ventilation, 7500 ml; respiratory rate, 20/min; dead space, 125 ml; cardiac output, 5000 ml/min. the ventilation/perfusion rate is
a、0.7
b、1.0
c、2.0
d、o.8
e、0.9
20、which factor determines the direction of the gas diffuses
a、gas solubility
b、partial pressure difference of the gas
c、gas molecular weight
d、affinity between gas molecular and hemoglobin.
e、permeability of the respiratory membrane.
21、the oxygen saturation of hb is mainly dependent on
a、ph value in blood.
b、pco2
c、po2
d、concentration of 2,3-dpg.
e、temperature
22、in which situation does the oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the left?
a、blood in the capillary of tissues.
b、decrease of ph value.
c、increase of the concentration of 2,3-dpg.
d、blood in the pulmonary capillary
e、increase of temperature.
23、shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right could be caused by
a、decrease of temperature.
b、decrease of the concentration of 2,3-dpg.
c、decrease of pco2.
d、decrease of po2.
e、decrease of ph value.
24、the reason that the diffusion rate of co2 through the respiratory membrane is faster than that of o2 is
a、solubility of co2 in water is higher than that of o2.
b、co2 is diffused by active transport.
c、co2 is diffused by facilitated transport.
d、difference of partial pressure of co2 is higher than that of o2.
e、molecular weight of co2 is higher than o2.
25、the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
a、demonstrate the relationship between po2 and oxygen content in blood.
b、demonstrate the relationship between po2 and oxygen saturation in blood.
c、demonstrate the relationship between po2 and ph value in blood.
d、demonstrate the relationship between po2 and oxygen capacity in blood.
26、haldane effect means
a、the combination of hemoglobin with co2 facilitates the release of o2.
b、the combination of hemoglobin with co2 inhibits the release of o2.
c、the combination of hemoglobin with o2 facilitates the release of co2.
d、combination of hemoglobin with o2 facilitates the combination with co2.
e、the combination of hemoglobin with o2 inhibits the release of co2.
27、bohr effect means
a、the effect of po2 on the hemoglobin affinity with o2
b、the effect of po2 on the hemoglobin affinity with co2
c、the effect of 2,3-dpg on the hemoglobin affinity with o2.
d、the effect of ph value on the hemoglobin affinity with o2
28、the oxygen capacity of hemoglobin is dependent on
a、quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.
b、ph value
c、pco2
d、concentration of 2,3-dpg
e、po2
29、the effect of penumotaxic center in the upper pons is to
a、enhance the inspiration
b、directly innervate the respiratory muscle.
c、excite the apneustic center in medulla
d、transfer from inspiration to expiration.
e、generate basic respiratory rhythm.
30、the effect of pulmonary inflation reflex is to
a、decrease the pulmonary ventilation.
b、inhibit the expiration and excite the inspiration.
c、end the inspiration and transfer to expiration.
d、increase the pulmonary ventilation.
e、excite both the inspiration and expiration.
31、if the bilateral cervical vagus nerves were cut in rabbit, the respiration will become
a、shallow and slow.
b、shallow and fast.
c、deep and fast.
d、no change.
e、deep and slow.
32、the regulatory effect of co2 on respiration is mainly through
a、stimulation of the lateral ventral surface of medulla.
b、directly stimulate the respiratory center
c、stimulate the penumotaxic center in the upper pons.
d、stretch reflex.
e、stimulate the motor neuron in the spinal cord.
33、the basic respiratory rhythm is generated in
a、pons
b、medulla
c、spinal cord
d、midbrain
e、cerebral cortex
34、hypoxia stimulates respiration through
a、central chemoreceptors
b、respiratory center in medulla
c、respiratory center in pons
d、peripheral chemoreceptors
e、direct excitation of respiratory muscle.
35、which one is necessary for the activity of respiratory center?
a、afferent signals from the pulmonary stretch receptor.
b、afferent signals from the proprioceptors in the respiratory muscle.
c、certain level of pco2.
d、certain level of hypoxia.
e、certai level of h
36、the correct descriptions about respiration include
a、gas exchange between human body and atmosphere.
b、consist of pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transportation, and gas exchange in the tissues.
c、respiration is the movement of respiratory muscles.
d、unicellular organism have the function of respiration.
37、which one is correct about pulmonary pressure
a、negative during the whole process of breathing.
b、pulmonary pressure = atmosphere pressure - pulmonary elastic force
c、might be negative during respiration.
d、the change of pulmonary pressure is the driving force for the pulmonary ventilation.
e、prevent venous return
38、the correct descriptions about alveolar surfactant include
a、secreted by type ii alveolar epithelial cells
b、increase the alveolar surface tension.
c、distributed at the liquid-air interface of the alveoli in bimolecular layer
d、increase the pulmonary compliance.
e、most important component is protein
39、the lung elastic recoil exist
a、the end of expiration.
b、at the end of expiration
c、at the beginning of expiration
d、at the beginning of inspiration
40、which one about the (minute) pulmonary ventilation is right
a、is equal to tidal volume times respiratory rate.
b、increase during exercise.
c、varies with the difference of sex and age.
d、the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages in a minute.
41、the diffusion rate of gas is
a、proportional to the surface area of gas diffusion
b、proportional to the gas solubility
c、proportional to the difference of partial pressure
d、proportional to the square root of molecular weight
e、reversely proportional to the diffusion distance.
42、the correct description about pulmonary gas exchange include
a、the gas diffusion rate is reversely proportional to the thickness of respiratory membrane.
b、the gas diffusion rate is proportional to the surface area of respiratory membrane.
c、decrease of v/q is not beneficial to the gas exchange.
d、diffusion rate is proportional to the gas solubility.
e、increse of v/q facilitate the gas exchange.
43、the correct descriptions about the transportation of gas in the blood include
a、both o2 and co2 are transported in two forms, physical dissolution and chemical combination.
b、the process of combination of hemoglobin and co2 into carbaminohemoglobin is enzyme independent.
c、the major component of co2 transported in the blood is hco3-
d、the properties of chemical combination between o2 and hb include rapid, reversible and enzyme dependent.
e、the major component of gas transported in the blood is in the form of chemical combination.
44、the correct descriptions about the combination of hb with o2 include
a、the combination of hb with o2 is oxygenation (氧合）, but not oxidation.
b、the maximal volume of o2 that could be combined with the hb in 100 ml blood is t he o2 content of hb.
c、there is synergistic effect between the 4 subunits of hb in the process of combination with o2.
d、the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is in s shape.
e、one molecule hb combines with 4 molecules of o2
45、the incorrect descriptions about pulmonary stretch reflex is
a、the effect of inflation reflex is to end the expiration and transfer to inspiration.
b、involved in the regulation of human quiet respiration.
c、the stretch receptor is located in the wall of the alveoli.
d、there is species difference, with the major effect in rabbit and minor effect in human.
e、the function of inflation reflex and deflation reflex is identical.
the seventh week: the digestive system,energy metabolism and thermoregulationthe seventh week: the digestive system,energy metabolism and thermoregulation1、which of the following is wrong about the gastrointestinal hormones?
a、they are secreted by the endocrine cells in the mucosa layer of gi tract
b、exist only in the gi tract
c、regulate both the motility and serection of the gi tract
d、all the gastrointestinal hormones are peptides.
2、which is not a gi hormone?
a、ne
b、cck
c、gastrin
d、secretin
3、which one is wrong regarding the basic electric rhythm of smooth muscle in digestive tract?
a、the smooth muscle of alimentary tract depolarizes and repolarizes spontaneously and slowly in a cyclic fashion
b、its amplitude is about 5-15 mv
c、it has a same frequency in diffferent locations of the gi tract
d、is also called slow wave
4、which one can inhibit the secretion of gastric juice?
a、high ph value
b、somatostatin
c、ach
d、hypotonic solution
5、the gastric receptive relaxation is through:
a、excitation of the sympathetic nerve
b、ach that is released by vagus nerve
c、excitation of the intramural plexus
d、inhibitory neurotransmitter released by vagus nerve
6、the functions of gastrin do not include:
a、increases the secretion of gastric juice
b、increases the secretion salivary juice
c、promotes the gastric motility
d、increases the pancretic juice secretion
7、which of the following descriptions about the gastric acid is wrong?
a、chief cells secrete pepsinogen
b、parietal cells secrete hcl
c、pyloric glands secrete the mucus
d、intrinsic factors are secreted by the chief cells
8、the physiological function of gastric juice does not include:
a、activates the pepsinogen
b、kills bacteria
c、promote the absorption of the ferrous ion and calcium
d、inhibits the secretions of bile and pancreatic juice
9、the substance that can stimulate gastric secreting is:
a、gastrin
b、histamine
c、fat and its digestive products
d、ach
10、which can increase the digestion of protein?
a、hco3-
b、small intestinal juice
c、bile
d、pepsin
11、what are the characteristics of pancreatic juice that is stimulated by the excitation of vagus nerve?
a、less enzymes
b、more enzymes
c、less water and hco3-
d、more water and hco3-
12、factors that could not promote gastric emptying are:
a、vagal excitation
b、increased secretion of secretin
c、increased acidity of small bowel contents
d、the small intestine is expanded by the chyme
13、which is true regarding the bile ?
a、the absorption of bile in the intestine promotes the secretion of bile.
b、the absorption of water and hco3- is the mechanism underlying the concentration of bile in the gallbladder
c、bile salts are the metabolic products of hb
d、bile is needed during the processes of digestion and absorption of fat
14、what happens when acdic substance is injected into the duodenum ?
a、increases the activities of enzymes in the small intestine
b、decreases the secretion of gastic juice
c、increases the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile
d、increases gastic motility
15、which is true regarding the descriptions of basic electric rhythm?
a、affects the frequency of smooth muscle contraction
b、affects the intensity of smooth muscle contraction
c、affects the threshold of action potential
d、is not necessarily accompanied by contraction of smooth muscle
16、bile and vitamin b12 are mostly absorbed in the stomach
17、the main stimulating factor of gastric receptive relaxation is the food in the stomach
18、the gi tract secretes the most abundant kinds of hormones in the human body
19、ach is the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic postganglionic fiber endingsthat dominates digestive tract.
the eighth week: renal physiologythe eighth week: renal physiology1、in thick ascending limb of loop of henle, sodium reabsorption is mainly done by
a、na –nh4 antiport
b、na – h antiport
c、na – 1k – 2cl– symport
d、na – glucose/amino acid symport
e、none of the above
2、the following table shows changes in the gfr and in the filtration fraction (ff) in various conditions. which of the column summarizes the changes in gfr and ff that occur with increased afferent arteriolar resistance?
a、a
b、b
c、c
d、d
e、e
3、the graph below illustrates the relationship between the plasma concentration of a substance x and its reabsorption by the kidney. the gfr is 100 ml/min. the renal threshold for this substance is
a、50 mg/dl
b、100 mg/dl
c、200 mg/dl
d、150 mg/dl
e、500 mg/dl
4、the secretion of h in the proximal tubule is primarily associated with
a、excretion of potassium ion
b、reabsorption of bicarbonate ion
c、reabsorption of phosphate ion
d、excretion of hydrogen ion
e、reabsorption of calcium ion
5、use the following clinical laboratory test results for this questions: urine flow rate =1 ml/min, urine inulin concentration = 100 mg/ml, plasma inulin concentration = 2 mg/ml, urine urea concentration = 50 mg/ml, plasma urea concentration = 2.5 mg/ml. the glomerular filtration rate (gfr) is:
a、25ml/min
b、none of the above
c、50ml/min
d、100ml/min
e、125ml/min
6、use the following clinical laboratory test results for this questions: urine flow rate =1 ml/min, urine inulin concentration = 100 mg/ml, plasma inulin concentration = 2 mg/ml, urine urea concentration = 50 mg/ml, plasma urea concentration = 2.5 mg/ml.the net urea reabsorption rate is:
a、0 mg/min
b、25 mg/min
c、50 mg/min
d、75 mg/min
e、100 mg/min
7、which of the following events would not be expected to decrease glomerular filtration rate?
a、urinary tract obstruction by renal stones
b、decreased filtration coefficient (kf ) secondary to glomerular disease
c、volume expansion with an accompanying increase in arterial blood pressure
d、hyperalbuminemia (i.e., higher than normal serum albumin concentration)
e、increased activity of the renal sympathetic nerves
8、an increase in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid will result in
a、increased stimulation of the volume and osmoreceptors, and decreased adh secretion
b、decreased stimulation of the volume and osmoreceptors, and increased adh secretion
c、decreased stimulation of the volume and osmoreceptors, and decreased adh secretion
d、increased stimulation of the osmoreceptors, and increased adh secretion
e、no change in adh secretion
9、renin causes
a、direct activation of adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
b、conversion of angiotensin i to angiotensin ii
c、conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin ii
d、conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin i
e、direct activation of adrenal cortex to secrete angiotensin ii
10、ammonia produced by the kidneys comes mainly from:
a、glutamine
b、leucine
c、alanine
d、glycine
e、tyrosine
11、sodium dependent glucose transporter is present on
a、basolateral surface of proximal tubular epithelium
b、apical surface of distal tubular epithelium
c、apical surface of thick ascending limb of loop of henle
d、apical surface of proximal tubular epithelium
e、none of the epithelium of nephron
12、if a person has a kidney transport maximum for glucose of 350 mg/min, a glomerular filtration rate of 110 ml/min, a plasma glucose of 375 mg/dl, and a urine flow rate of 3.0 ml/min, what would be the approximate rate of glucose excretion, assuming normal kidneys?
a、glucose excretion cannot be estimated from these data
b、0 mg/min
c、60 mg/min (375x1.1-350)
d、25 mg/min (375-350)
e、75 mg/min 3.0x(375-350)
13、macula densa is a
a、chemoreceptor seen on the walls of distal tubule passing in between afferent & efferent arteriole.
b、chemoreceptor seen surrounding the walls of efferent arterioles
c、mechanoreceptor seen surrounding the walls of efferent arterioles
d、mechanoreceptor seen surrounding the walls of afferent arterioles
e、chemoreceptor seen surrounding the walls of afferent arterioles
14、in normal kidneys, which of the following is true of the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa?
a、usually isotonic compared with plasma
b、usually hypertonic compared with plasma
c、hypertonic, compared with plasma, in antidiuresis
d、usually hypotonic compared with plasma
e、none of above
15、which of the following tends to decrease potassium secretion by the cortical collecting tubule?
a、increased plasma potassium concentration
b、acute alkalosis
c、a diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone (e.g., spironolactone)
d、a diuretic that decreases proximal tubule sodium reabsorption
e、high sodium intake
the ninth week: introduction of nervous systemthe ninth week: introduction of nervous system1、which description is correct about chemical synapse
a、bidirectional propagation
b、propagation without decrement
c、propagation with the same rhythm
d、sensitive to the changes of internal environment
e、infatigable
2、which one is correct about the ap conduction velocity of nerve fiber
a、increase of the temperature within physiological limit will increase the conduction velocity.
b、the fiber with big diameter always conducts faster.
c、the increase of extracellular k will increase the conduction velocity
d、myelination of nerve fiber always decreases the conduction velocity.
e、anesthesia do not influence the conduction velocity.
3、which part of the nervous reflex is fatigable.
a、sensory receptors
b、afferent neuron
c、efferent neuron
d、synapse
e、effector
4、which property could be destroyed by the local anesthetics procaine (普鲁卡因)
a、structure integrity
b、infatigable
c、physiological integrity
d、insulation
5、which of the following is not the chemical mediated signal transmission.
a、neuro-muscular junction.
b、hormone binding with the receptor on the target.
c、classical synapse
d、gap junction
e、varicosity
6、in the nerve reflex, the latency from the stimulation to the response is mainly dependent on
a、the action potential conduction velocity at the afferent and efferent nerve fiber
b、the strength and property of stimulation.
c、the sensitivity of the sensory receptors.
d、the number of synapses in the central nervous system.
e、the sensitivity of the effector.
7、both afferent collateral inhibition and recurrent inhibition are
a、collateral inhibition
b、postsynatic inhhibition
c、presynaptic inhibition
d、reciprocal inhibition
e、feedforward inhibition
8、afferent collateral inhibition is mediated by
a、excitation of the inhibitiory interneuron.
b、decrease of the excitatory neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic terminal.
c、exitatory neurotransmitter is catabolized.
d、membrane depolarization.
e、excitation of the excitatory interneuron.
9、which ion is coupled with the release of neurotransmitter?
a、na
b、cl-
c、ca2
d、k
e、mg2
10、which channel is related to the release of neurotransmitter?
a、voltage dependent k channel.
b、chemical dependent na channel.
c、voltage dependent ca2 channel
d、voltage dependent na channel.
e、ach receptor cation channel.
11、which description about epsp is correct?
a、excitation of postsynaptic neuron.
b、the amplitude is not influenced by the amount of neurotransmitter released from presynatic terminal.
c、caused by interneuron.
d、could be caused by the increase of the k conductance on the postsynaptic membrane.
e、could be caused by the increase of ca2 conductance on the postsynaptic membrane.
12、which description is correct about the ipsp?
a、caused by the decrease amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal.
b、depolarization of the postsynatic membrane.
c、hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
d、increase of the na conductance at postsynaptic membrane.
e、increase of the ca2 conductance on the postsynaptic membrane.
13、the subtypes of cholinergic receptors include
a、m and α
b、m,α and β
c、m and β
d、m, n1 and n2
e、m, β1 and β2
14、the factors that influence the ap conduction velocity on nerve fiber include
a、thickness of the myelin shealth.
b、strength of the stimulation
c、temperature
d、myelinated or not
e、diameter of the fiber
15、the neurotransmitters released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers do not include
a、dopamine
b、5-ht
c、ach
d、glutamate
e、norepinephrine
the tenth week: sensory function of the nervous systemthe tenth week: sensory function of the nervous system1、accomodation of the eyes during watching the close object is mainly dependent on
a、convergence of the eye balls.
b、change of the shape of the lens
c、pupillary reflex
d、refraction by the cornea.
2、the decrease of frequency of the spikes on the afferent fiber with the persistance of stimulation on the sensory receptor. it is called
a、fatigue
b、block of conduction
c、adaption
d、inhibition
e、decrement of the conduction
3、which one is the phasic receptor?
a、tactile receptor
b、nociceptive receptor
c、aortic baroreceptor
d、muscle spindle
e、cartid body
4、which one is the result of the increase of the suspensory ligment tension.
a、miosis (pupil constriction)
b、the cornea is less spherical
c、the cornea is more spherical
d、the lens is more spherical
e、the lens is less spherical
5、cones is mainly located at
a、peripheral of the optic disk
b、optic disk
c、peripheral of the fovea
d、fovea
e、peripheral of the retina
6、which of the following is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?
a、encoding the sound signal.
b、localization of the sound.
c、sensory receptor adaption.
d、amplifying the sound wave.
e、discrimination of the sound frequency.
7、if the pupil enlarge, the spherical aberration will , the colour aberration will .
a、decrease, decrease
b、increase, increase
c、increase, no change
d、decrease, increase
e、increase, decrease
8、in emmertropia, without accommodation, the principle focus behind the lens is located at a point
a、before the retina
b、behind the retina
c、in vitreous humor
d、on the retina
e、in choroid
9、which description is correct about the cone system and rod system?
a、rod system is low sensitivity to the light, necessary for the night vision.
b、cone system is low sensitivity to light,necessary for the day vision.
c、rod system is high sensitive to the light and necessary for day vision.
d、cone system has high resolution to the detail, no color vision.
e、rod system has high resolution to the detail and color vision.
10、which description about dark adaption is right?
a、the decrease of light sensitivity in dark environment.
b、the second phase is attributed to the decrease of the synthesis of rhodopsin in rods.
c、finish within one minute.
d、the first phase is attributed to the increase of the synthesis of photopigment in cones.
e、the rhodoposin accumulated in light environment in rods decompose quickly in night environment.
11、nearsightedness (myopia) is caused by
a、the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball is too short.
b、the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball is too long.
c、curvature of the cornea is not uniform
d、lens system is too powerful.
12、the correct description about the properties of receptor potential include
a、summation
b、is generator potential
c、local potential on the sensory receptor.
d、electronic conduction
13、the refractive system of the eyes include
a、retina
b、vitreous humor
c、crystalline lens
d、cornea
e、aqueous humor
14、the errors of refraction of the eyes include
a、oldsightness (presbyopia)
b、astigmatism
c、farsightness
d、nearsightness (myopia)
e、cataract
15、the correct descriptions about vision field include
a、vision field is helpful for diagnosis of the disease in optic nerve, visual pathway and retina.
b、nasal field vision is bigger than that of temporal.
c、the visual area seen by an eye at a given instant.
d、the area of the vision field is dependent on the color, white have the biggest field, and green has the smallest.
e、the difference of the vision field of different colors is not causued by the distribution of cones in retina.
the eleventh week: control of the motor function by cnsthe eleventh week: control of the motor function by cns1、which description is correct about the α motor neuron in anterior horn of the spinal cord.
a、big α motor neuron compose the big motor unit.
b、release glutamate at the presynaptic terminal.
c、final common pathway of the reflexive control of skeletal muscle contraction.
d、small α motor neuron compose the small motor unit.
e、firing at a relative high frequency.
2、which description is right about the gama motor neuron in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
a、regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
b、release glycine at the axon terminal.
c、innervate the extrafugal fiber.
d、low sensitivity compared with α motor neuron.
e、antagonist of the α motor neuron
3、which description is correct about muscle tone.
a、induced by the fast stretch of the muscle tendon.
b、fatigable
c、flexor is predominant.
d、muscle spindle is the sensory receptor
e、monosynaptic reflex
4、excitation of γ motor neuron will induce
a、contraction of extrafusal fiber
b、increase of the sensitivity of the sensory receptors in muscle spindle.
c、decrease of impulse on ia afferent fiber.
d、relaxation of intrafusal fiber
e、decrease of the impulses of the α motor neuron.
5、which description is correct about the deep tendon organ?
a、parallel to the extrafugal fiber
b、is a sensory receptor for muscle length
c、protect the muscle from injury during contraction.
d、in series with intrafusal fiber
e、sensory signal is transmitted by ii afferent nerve fiber
6、transecting the brain at the middle of the midbrain will induce
a、sleeping
b、ataxia
c、spinal shock
d、unsteady
e、decerebrate rigidity
7、decerebrate rigidity in animal is induced by destroying
a、most of the facilitated area in the reticular formation in brain stem/
b、most of the inhibitory area in the reticular formation in brain stem.
c、fiber connection between reticular formation and vestibular nuclei.
d、fiber connection between reticular formation with cerebral cortex and corpus striatum.
e、fiber connection between reticular formation and cerebellum.
8、parkinson's disease is caused by destroying
a、gabanergic corpus striatum - substantia nigra pathway.
b、cholinergic pathway in corpus striatum
c、cholinergic projection system in reticular formation in brain stem.
d、dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
9、chorea is caused by destroying
a、cholinergic pathway in cerebral cortex
b、glutaminergic cortical-striatal pathway
c、striatal-substantia nigra gamanergic pathway
d、nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway
e、arcuate nucleus - median eminence gabanergic pathway
10、the location that regulate the muscle tone in cerebellum is
a、spinocerebellum
b、inhibitory area in bilateral side of anterior lobe
c、facilitated area in vermins of anterior lobe.
d、vestibulocerebellum
11、damage of the median area of the posterior lobe of cerebellum in human will induce
a、hypertonia
b、intention tremor
c、static tremor
d、enhanced tendon reflex
e、positional nystamus
12、the major function of corticocerebellum is
a、proprioception
b、induce fine movement
c、induce voluntary movement
d、involving the programming of the movement
e、execution of fine movement
13、motor unit is
a、a alpha motor neuron and the innervated muscle fibers
b、a group of motor neurons with same function
c、a group of muscle fiber that involved in execution of a special movement.
d、a motor neuron
e、a bundle of muscle fibers
14、the α motor neuron at the anterior horn of the spinal cord is the of the movement reflex.
a、final common pathway
b、motor unit
c、effector
d、sensory receptor
e、center
15、the symptoms that could be relieved by l-dopa in parkinson's disease include
a、muscle rigidity
b、bradykinesia (slowness in movement) bradykinesia
c、static tremor
d、akinesia (decrease of voluntary movement)
e、witless expression (表情呆板）
the twelfth week: regulation of the visceral organs, sleep, learning and memorythe twelfth week: regulation of the visceral organs, sleep, learning and memory1、the evoked cortical potential is
a、induced by the unspecific sensory conduction system
b、the spontaneous electrical activity of cerebral cortex
c、induced by the specific sensory conduction system
d、the spontaneous electrical activity recorded at the cerebral cortex.
e、the unregular electrical activity recorded at the cerebral cortex.
2、theαwave is always recorded at in adult.
a、temporal lobe
b、frontal lobe
c、parietal lobe
d、occipital lobe
e、base of the forebrain.
3、which description about α wave in eeg is right?
a、disappear if the eyes is closed.
b、could be easily recorded at frontal area
c、will be blocked if there is specific information is transmitted to the cortex.
d、could be recorded during sleeping
e、could not be recorded in healthy adult.
4、the brain electrical waves is the result of
a、summation of the postsynaptic potentials in one neuron.
b、summation of the postsynaptic potentials of the apical dendrites of neurons.
c、summations of the action potentials on the cell body of the neurons.
d、action potential of one neuron.
e、summation of the action potential on the axon of the neurons.
5、which one is the special characteristic of physiological activities during rems.
a、decrease of the sensation.
b、decrease of the muscle activity.
c、decrease of the sympathetic activity.
d、rapid eye movement
e、enhancement of the parasympathetic activity.
6、rems is helpful for
a、formation of the new synapses.
b、the synthesis of protein in the brain.
c、mature of the neuronal system in childhood.
d、restoration of the brain activity.
e、growth and restoration of the physical activity
7、the physiological importance of rems is
a、to promote the cell proliferation and maturation.
b、to promote the growth in childhood and restoration of physical activity in adult.
c、to promote the memory consolidation and maturation of the neuronal system in childhood.
d、promote the appetite and digestion.
e、to promote the synchronization of the electrical brain waves.
8、the predominant type of wave of eeg during silent, awake, and eye closure in adult is
a、β wave
b、α wave
c、θ wave
d、δ wave
e、β wave andδ wave
9、the characteristics of sws is
a、desynchronized fast electrical brain waves
b、decrease of the secretion of growth hormone
c、lots of dreams
d、helpful for the growth in childhood and restoration of the physical activity in adult.
e、increase of the heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
10、the circadian is controlled by
a、suprachiasmatic nucleus
b、anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus
c、supraoptic nucleus
d、lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus
e、arcuate nucleus
11、which one is correct about the memory in human
a、three stages
b、the third memory might be related to the formation of the new synapse.
c、the secondary memory is the short-term memory
d、the primary memory is the long-term memory
e、the second memory might be related to the synaptic plasticity.
12、the function of hypothalamus is
a、motor center.
b、upper center for the regulation of visceral organs.
c、visual center.
d、sensory center.
e、auditory center.
13、the essential step in the establishment of conditioned reflex is
a、conditioned stimulation
b、unconditioned stimulation
c、reinforcement.
d、indifferent stimulation
e、conditioned stimulation and indifferent stimulation.
14、habituation is
a、operant conditioned reflex
b、reinforcement
c、associative learning
d、classic conditioned reflex
e、non-associative learning
15、sensitization is
a、classic conditioned reflex
b、non-associative learning
c、operant conditioned reflex
d、associative learning
e、reinforcement
the thirteenth week: endocrine system and reproductionthe thirteenth week: endocrine system and reproduction1、the biological signal transmission system regulating human physiological function includes
a、the first messenger system and the second messenger system
b、nervous system and digestive system
c、endocrine system and respiratory system
d、central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
e、nervous system and endocrine system
2、which of the following hormone is amine?
a、thyroxine
b、insulin
c、gnrh
d、gastrointestinal hormones
e、adrenal cortex hormones
3、which of the following description about hormone signal transduction is correct?
a、provide the extra energy for the target cell
b、add new components for the target cell
c、increase or decrease the physiological and biological process.
d、the signal of endocrine system is electronic signal.
4、which of the following description is correct upon receptor upregulation?
a、hormone-receptor complex interlization
b、decreased response to hormone in the target cells
c、hormone binding site in the receptor is totally occupied by hormone
d、the number of specific receptor for hormone inceases
e、the affinity of hormone and receptor decrease
5、the most important hormone that affects human nervous system growth is
a、estrogen and testosterone
b、thyroid stimulating hormone
c、thyroid hormone
d、growth hormone
e、glucocorticoid
6、which of the following thyroid hormone and related precursor has the most biological activity?
a、t4
b、dit and mit
c、rt3
d、t3
7、the physiological function of vasopressin is to
a、increase blood glucose
b、increase blood volume
c、increase the water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule in kidney
d、increase and maintain the arterial blood pressure
e、increase the salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule in kidney
8、hormone transportation and delivery includes
a、travel by blood
b、spread by interstitial fluid
c、travel by neural axoplasm
d、autocrine
e、secreted through duct
9、which of the following regluates hypothalamic hormone secretion?
a、long-loop regulation of target gland hormone secretion
b、short-loop regulation of adenohypophysis hormone secretion
c、ultra short-loop regulation of hypothalamus
d、amine neurotransmitters
10、which of the following description about insulin-like growth factor(igf) is correct?
a、mainly generated by liver
b、induces gh-mediated growth promoting effect
c、has no significant effect on brain growth
d、blood igf levels and gh levels are inversely proportional
11、which of the following promotes growth hormone secretion?
a、blood glucose decrease
b、estrogen and testosterone
c、stress
d、blood free fatty acid increase
e、slow wave sleep
12、which of the following description about the effect of prolactin on mammary gland is correct?
a、maintain lactescence during latation period
b、mammary gland can't secrete milk during pregnancy due to the inhibition of estrogen and progestin on prolactin.
c、promote mammary gland hyperplasia during pregnancy
d、promote the growth of mammary gland in puberty
13、which of the following description of thyroid hormone is correct?
a、increase heart muscle contraction
b、increase appetite and food digestion
c、increase the oxygen consumption
d、increase infant brain and bone growth
14、which of the following factors are involved in the adaptive response for cold stimulation?
a、norepinerphine
b、trh
c、tsh
d、t3 and t4
e、somatostatin
15、which of the following description about insulin is correct?
a、promote glucose uptake
b、increase gluconeogenesis
c、inhibit glycogenolysis
d、convert glucose to fatty acid
e、increase glycogen synthesis
examinationexamination of human physiology1、which one is not the excitable cell?
a、smooth cell
b、cardiac cell
c、neuron
d、mucous cell
e、interstitial cell
2、simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share which of the following characteristics?
a、can be blocked by specific inhibitors
b、do not require adenosine triphosphate (atp)
c、require transport protein
d、saturation kinetics
e、transport solute against concentration gradient
3、which of the following statements about homeostasis is true ?
a、it is kept by positive feedback control
b、negative feedback minimizes the changes
c、positive feedback favors stability
d、feed-forward is the most important process
e、dysfunction of homeostasis can not cause diseases
4、the resting potential of a myelinated nerve fiber is primarily dependent on the concentration gradient of which of the following ions?
a、ca2
b、cl-
c、hco3-
d、k
e、na
5、in a normal, healthy muscle, what occurs as a result of propagation of an action potential to the terminal membrane of a motor neuron?
a、opening of voltage-gated ca2 channels in the presynaptic membrane
b、depolarization of the t tubule membrane follows
c、always results in muscle contraction
d、increase in intracellular ca2 concentration in the motor neuron terminal
e、all of the above are correct
6、which of the following is a consequence of myelination in large nerve fibers?
a、decreased velocity of nerve impulses
b、generation of action potentials only at the nodes of ranvier
c、increased energy requirement to maintain ion gradients
d、increased membrane capacitance
e、increased nonselective diffusion of ions across the axon membrane
7、excitation–contraction coupling in skeletal muscle involves all of the following events except one. which one is this exception?
a、atp hydrolysis
b、binding of ca2 to calmodulin
c、conformational change in dihydropyridine receptor
d、depolarization of the transverse tubule (t tubule) membrane
e、increased na conductance of sarcolemma
8、which process is not involved in the hemostasis?
a、vascular relaxation
b、formation of plate platelet plug
c、blood coagulation
d、anticoagulation
e、fibrinolysis
9、intrinsic pathway does not need factor
a、xii
b、xi
c、ix
d、viii
e、vii
10、the second heart sound is heard
a、at the beginning of the ventricular contraction
b、in the middle of the ventricular contraction
c、in the end of the ventricular contraction
d、at the beginning of the ventricular relaxation
e、in the middle of the ventricular relaxation
11、the resting potential of the ventricular cells is mainly determined by the permeability of
a、voltage sodium channel
b、l-type calcium channel
c、inward rectifier k channel
d、voltage gated k channel
e、cl- channel
12、during the cardiac cycle of a normal healthy young adult:
a、during ventricular diastole the pressure in the left ventricle is close to 80 mm hg (10.6 kpa).
b、during ventricular systole, the pressure in the left ventricle reaches a maximum of about 25 mm hg (3.3 kpa).
c、during the initial stage of ventricular contraction the volume of the ventricle does not change.
d、during ventricular systole, all the blood in the ventricles is ejected.
e、at the end of ejection, the blood pressure reached the highest level.
13、the stroke volume is mainly regulated by
a、preload of the ventricle
b、afterload of the ventricle
c、contractility of the ventricle
d、heart rate
e、tone of the vagus nerve
14、concerning the nervous regulation of the circulation:
a、the baroreceptors are mainly responsible for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.
b、if the arterial pressure suddenly falls the baroreceptor reflex increases the heart rate.
c、the baroreceptors are found in the aortic and carotid bodies.
d、in humans in whom both noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are blocked, the heart rate is approximately 75.
e、the control center of cardiovascular system is the spinal cord.
15、which process of the following will not cause edema?
a、heart failure
b、allergy
c、late pregnancy
d、hyperproteinemia
e、reduced lymphatic drainage
16、cells in the purkinje network are
a、fast response, non-rhythmic cells
b、fast response, rhythmic cells
c、slow response, non-rhythmic cells
d、slow response rhythmic cells
e、none of the above
17、the basic electrical rhythm of the gastrointestinal tract is originated from
a、circular muscle layer
b、interstitial cell of cajal
c、smooth cell
d、mucosa
e、longitudinal muscle layer
18、which one is not a vasodilator?
a、neuropeptide y
b、atrial natriuretic peptide ( anp，心房钠尿肽 )
c、anginotensin ii
d、acetylcholine
e、nitric oxide ( no )
19、which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true?
a、it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous system
b、its neurons are embedded only in the tunica mucosa
c、it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestine
d、it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestines
e、it’s not communicated with the central nervous
20、________ is where the majority of digestion takes place.
a、stomach
b、pancreas
c、small intestine
d、liver
e、all of these
21、which of the following factors inhibits the gastric empting?
a、distension of the stomach.
b、histamine.
c、acetylcholine (ach).
d、enterogastric reflex.
e、none of the above
22、during sports, which organ is mainly responsible for heat production?
a、brain
b、liver
c、skeletal muscle
d、brown adipose tissue
e、skin
23、a preterm infant has a surfactant deficiency. without surfactant, many of the alveoli collapse at the end of each expiration, which in turn leads to pulmonary failure. which of the following sets of changes are present in the preterm infant, compared to a normal infant? alveolar surface tension pulmonary compliance
a、decreased decreased
b、decreased increased
c、decreased no change
d、increased decreased
e、increased increased
24、a patient has a dead space of 150 ml, functional residual capacity of 3 l, tidal volume of 650 ml, expiratory reserve volume of 1.5 l, total lung capacity of 8 l, and respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min. what is the residual volume?
a、500 ml
b、1000 ml
c、1500 ml
d、6500 ml
e、2500 ml
25、the respiratory passageways have smooth muscle in their walls. which of the following best describes the effect of acetylcholine and epinephrine on the respiratory passageways? acetylcholine epinephrine
a、constrict constrict
b、constrict dilate
c、constrict no effect
d、dilate constrict
e、dilate dilate
26、a patient has a dead space of 150 ml, functional residual capacity of 3 l, tidal volume of 650 ml, expiratory reserve volume of 1.5 l, a total lung capacity of 8 l, respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min. what is the alveolar ventilation?
a、5 l/min
b、7.5 l/min
c、6.0 l/min
d、9.0 l/min
e、none of the above
27、during inspiration,
a、alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure.
b、transpulmonary pressure decreases.
c、the diaphragm relaxes
d、intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
e、intrapulmonary pressure is increase.
28、in thick ascending limb of loop of henle, sodium reabsorption is mainly done by
a、na – h antiport
b、na – glucose/amino acid symport
c、1na –1k –2cl– symport
d、na –nh4 antiport
e、na –k antiport
29、ammonia produced by the kidneys comes mainly from:
a、glycine
b、glutamine
c、leucine
d、alanine
e、tyrosine
30、the secretion of h in the proximal tubule is primarily associated with
a、excretion of k
b、excretion of na
c、reabsorption of ca2
d、reabsorption of hco3-
e、reabsorption of phosphate ion
31、an increase in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid will result in
a、increased stimulation of the volume and osmoreceptors, and decreased adh secretion
b、decreased stimulation of the volume and osmoreceptors, and increased adh secretion
c、decreased stimulation of the volume and osmoreceptors, and decreased adh secretion
d、increased stimulation of the osmoreceptors, and increased adh secretion
e、no change in adh secretion
32、which of the following is filtered most readily by the glomerular capillaries?
a、albumin in plasma
b、neutral dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
c、polycationic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
d、polyanionic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
e、red blood cells
33、regarding chemical neurotransmission, which of the following is appropriate?
a、the mediator is local current
b、its transmission is bidirectional
c、it is without time delay
d、calcium ions are not involved
e、it is targeted by many medications
34、which kind of nerve fiber innervate the organ via non-directed chemical synapse.
a、phrenic nerve
b、postganglionic nerve fibers that innervate the blood vessels.
c、primary nociceptive afferent fibers innervate the skin.
d、sciatic nerves innervate the musculus gastrocnemius
e、auditory nerve
35、about pre-synaptic inhibition, which one is wrong
a、an axon-axon synapse plays the role in presynaptic inhibition
b、presynaptic terminals decrease the amount of neurotransmitter released
c、the transmitter of presynaptic inhibition was gaba
d、the transmitter of presynaptic inhibition was glutamate.
e、activation of the presynaptic receptors increases ci- conductance
36、which of the following description is not the properties of the receptor potentials?
a、propagate electronically
b、local response
c、all or none
d、summation
e、caused by opening or closing of the channels
37、the characters of referred pain is
a、the hyperalgesia of the injured organs
b、the referred site is uncertainty
c、all visceral pain accompanied with referred pain
d、it’s originating might be that both visceral and somatic afferents converge on the same interneurons in the pain pathways
e、fast and localized
38、when the eye accommodates for near vision, which one of the following is correct?
a、ciliary muscle relax
b、lens ligaments becomes tight
c、lens becomes more flatten
d、the curvature of lens increase
e、the radius of lens increase
39、why does the cone system have high visual acuity?
a、because cones operate very well in the daylight.
b、because cones make single line connection with bipolar cells and have very small receptive fields.
c、because cones have three different photopigments
d、because it is a better signal amplication.
e、because cones have a higher threshold to light.
40、which of the following description about cochlea is incorrect?
a、cochlea is a snail-shaped organ with a series of fluid-filled tunnels.
b、the scala vestibule is separated from the scala media by vestibular membrane.
c、.endolymph fills the scala media.
d、the organ of corti is located on the basilar membrane.
e、oval window is the auditory sensory receptor.
41、which of the following physiological response is not caused by the activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors
a、secretion of salivary glands
b、bronchial smooth muscle contraction
c、secretion of gastric acid
d、tachycardia (elevated heart rate)
e、pupillary constriction
42、which of the following activities will increase the sensitivity of the stretch reflex?
a、cutting the dorsal root fibers associated with the muscle in which the stretch reflex is being examined
b、increasing the activity of the medullary reticular nuclei
c、bending the head forward
d、enhanced activity in the fusimotor (gamma motor neuron) system
e、stimulating the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum
43、neuroimaging revealed extensive necrosis in the substantia nigra of a patient. which of the following symptoms is most likely expected in this patient?
a、athetosis
b、chorea
c、“cogwheel” rigidity
d、hyperkinesias
e、intention tremors
44、neurological disease associated with the cerebellum produces which of the following types of symptoms?
a、resting tremor
b、athetosis
c、rigidity
d、ataxia
e、akinesia
45、which one of the following is not correct statements regarding fast wave sleep?
a、desynchronized eeg
b、accompanied by the vivid dreaming
c、.more difficult to arouse by sensory stimulation
d、eyes move rapidly back and forth beneath closed lids.
e、growth hormone secretion
46、which of the following control of endocrine action is a positive feedback?
a、gh release stimulated by ghrh
b、trh release upon low blood levels of t3
c、action of oxytocin on uterine muscle during birth
d、insulin secretion induced by glucose
e、effect of adh on water reabsorption
47、which of the following hormone secrets from adrenal cortex ?
a、aldosterone
b、adh
c、angiotensin ii
d、insulin
e、renin
48、the cause of the acromegaly is
a、high concentration of growth hormone in adult
b、low concentration of growth hormone in adult
c、low concentration of growth hormone in childhood
d、high concentration of thyroid hormones in adult
e、high concentration of growth hormone in childhood
49、which of the following description about islet hormones is correct?
a、pancreatic alpha cells produce glucagon
b、pancreatic beta cells produce insulin with low glucose
c、somatostatin produced by pancreatic delta cells enhances insulin secretion
d、somatostatin produced by pancreatic delta cells enhances glucagon secretion
e、insulin can pass through the plasma membrane
50、which of the following description about cretinism and dwarfism is incorrect?
a、hyposecretion of gh results in dwarfism during childhood
b、hyposecretion of t3/t4 during prenatal development or infancy causes cretinism
c、dwarfism is characterized by growth and mental retardation
d、both cretinism and dwarfism show bone and muscle retardation
e、cretinism is characterized by growth and mental retardation
猜你喜欢
- 2023-02-27 01:20
- 2023-02-27 01:09
- 2023-02-27 01:00
- 2023-02-27 00:57
- 2023-02-27 00:39
- 2023-02-27 00:20
- 2023-02-26 23:56
- 2023-02-26 23:37
- 2023-02-26 23:08
- 2023-02-26 23:00