lesson 2skimming1、go through the passage “body language” within 1 minute, and answer the question that follows. (tips: read the first sentence of each paragraph.) body language what does scientific literature tell us about the idea that body language reflects our real feelings? one experiment carried out about 10 years ago by ross buck from carnegie-mellon university in pennsylvania suggests that spontaneous facial expression is not a very good index of real emotional state. buck and his colleagues tested the accuracy with which people could identify the emotions felt by another person. they presented one set of subjects with color slides involving a variety of emotionally-loaded visual stimuli - such as "scenic" slides (landscapes, etc), "maternal" slides (mothers and young children), disgusting slides (severe facial injuries and burns) and unusual slides (art objects). unknown to these subjects, they were being televised and viewed by another matched set of subjects, who were asked to decide, on the basis of the televised facial expressions, which of the four sets of slides had just been viewed. this experiment involved both male and female pairs, but no pairs comprising both men and women; that is men observed only men, and women observed women. buck found that the female pairs correctly identified almost 40 per cent of the slides used - this was above the level which would be predicted by chance alone. (chance level is 25 per cent here, as there were four classes of slide). but male pairs correctly identified only 28 per cent of slides - not significantly above chance level. in other words, this study suggests that facial expression is not a very good index of "real" feeling - and in the case of men watching and interpreting other men, is almost useless. paul ekman from the university of california has conducted a long series of experiments on nonverbal leakage (or how nonverbal behavior may reveal real inner states) which has yielded some more positive and counter-intuitive results. ekman has suggested that nonverbal behavior may indeed provide a clue to real feelings and has explored in some detail people actively involved in deception, where their verbal language is not a true indication of how they really feel. ekman here agrees with sigmund freud, who was also convinced of the importance of nonverbal behavior in spotting deception when he wrote: "he that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. if his lips are silent, he chatters with his finger-tips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore." ekman predicted that the feet and legs would probably hold the best clue to deception because although the face sends out very quick instantaneous messages, people attend to and receive most feedback from the face and therefore try to control it most. in the case of the feet and legs the "transmission time" is much longer but we have little feedback from this part of the body. in other words, we are often unaware of what we are doing with our feet and legs. ekman suggested that the face is equipped to lie the most (because we are often aware of our facial expression) and to "leak" the most (because it sends out many fast momentary messages) and is therefore going to be a very confusing source of information during deception. the legs and feet would be the primary source of nonverbal leakage and hold the main clue to deception. the form the leakage in the legs and feet would take would include "aggressive foot kicks, flirtatious leg displays, abortive restless flight movements". clues to deception could be seen in "tense leg positions, frequent shifts of leg posture, and in restless or repetitive leg and foot movements." ekman conducted a series of experiments to test his speculations, some involving psychiatric patients who were engaging in deception, usually to obtain release from hospital. he made films of interviews involving the patients and showed these, without sound, to one of two groups of observers. one group viewed only the face and head, the other group, the body from the neck down. each observer was given a list of 300 adjectives describing attitudes, emotional state, and so on, and had to say which adjectives best described the patients. the results indicated quite dramatically that individuals who utilized the face tended to be misled by the patients, whereas those who concentrated on the lower body were much more likely to detect the real state of the patients and not be misled by the attempted deception. these studies thus suggest that some body language may indeed reflect our real feelings, even when we are trying to disguise them. most people can, however, manage to control facial expression quite well and the face often seems to provide little information about real feeling. paul ekman has more recently demonstrated that people can be trained to interpret facial expression more accurately but this, not surprisingly, is a slow laborious process. ekman's research, suggests that the feet and legs betray a great deal about real feelings and attitudes but the research is nowhere near identifying the meanings of particular foot movements. ray birdwhistell of the eastern pennsylvania psychiatric institute has gone some way towards identifying some of the basic nonverbal elements of the legs and feet, and as a first approximation has identified 58 separate elements. but the meanings of these particular elements are far from clear and neither are the rules for combining the elements into larger meaningful units. perhaps in years to come we will have a "language" of the feet provided that we can successfully surmount the problems described earlier in identifying the basic forms of movement following birdwhistell's pioneering efforts, of how they may combine into larger units, and in teaching people how they might make sense of apparently contradictory movements. in the meantime, if you go to a party and find someone peering intently at your feet - beware. 最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案*** question: what does this passage want to tell the readers?
a、researchers have developed a thorough knowledge about body language.
b、spontaneous facial expression is not a very good index of real emotional state.
c、some body language may indeed reflect people’s real feelings.
d、the study of body language is a newly emerged subject.
scanning1、read the passage "the discovery of x-rays" quickly and choose the paragraph(s) which contain(s) the answer(s). you may choose more than one answer for question 3. the discovery of x-rays par. 1 except for a brief description of the compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of x-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat x-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of x-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by x-rays in the development of modern physics. par. 2 x-rays were discovered in 1895 by roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. this effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. roentgen soon established that the agency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. because of its unknown nature, he gave this agency the name x-rays. he found that x-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. he also found that x-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of x-rays by using a system of slits to show that (1) they travel in straight lines, and that (2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields. par. 3 the discovery of x-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. in 1899 haga and wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with x-rays which showed that (3) x-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. in 1906 barkla proved that (4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials. par. 4 there is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of x-rays. they are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitude shorter. this conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by thomson several years before all these properties were known. thomson argued that x-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. at this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. we shall see later that this explanation of the production of x-rays is at least partially correct. par. 5 in common with other electromagnetic radiations, x-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. the reader will recall that the compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, was originally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the x-ray region of wavelengths. when were x-rays discovered?
a、par. 1
b、par. 2
c、par. 3
d、par. 4
e、par. 5
2、who discovered x-rays?
a、par. 1
b、par. 2
c、par. 3
d、par. 4
e、par. 5
3、what are the four characteristics of x-rays?
a、par. 1
b、par. 2
c、par. 3
d、par. 4
e、par. 5
responding to reading1、the passage can be divided into two parts. what is the main idea of each part? and what is the purpose for writing each part of the text?
lesson 3distinguishing main ideas and details1、task 1: match each topic sentence with a supporting detail. topic sentence supporting detail 1. ___ very few people in a new job could carry out their duties perfectly from the start. 2. ___ it is worth doing a course, if that skill is in great demand at present. 3. ___ latest figures show record unemployment for 16-year-old school leavers. 4. ___ this particular recruitment agency has a remarkable record of filling job vacancies. 5. ___ there are lists of standard interview questions on the internet. a. this has been put down to the current economic climate, which shows no sign of improving. b. the main reason for this is that they make sure their recommended candidates are suitable. c. employers understand that there is a learning curve in every position. d. an obvious example is computer literacy, which is a must in every office nowadays. e. these include classics like ‘what’s your greatest weakness?’ and candidates should have an answer prepared. write down the 5 corresponding letters of the supporting details for the 5 topic sentences. (write your answer like this: abcde)
2、task 2: match the paragraphs with the topic sentences. there is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. paragraph topic sentence 1. ___ no-one is expecting an interviewee to grin manically throughout the interview, but there’s nothing worse than a blank or worried expression. here’s an old trick: looking up at the ceiling and raising your eyebrows just before entering the interview room will relax your face. 2. ___ interviewers spend all day listening to answers to the same set of questions, and so they would appreciate someone who is concise. also, digressing into an anecdote about your aunt sandy doesn’t say much for your ability to focus on one task. if you have a relevant story to tell, practise it until you can deliver it in as few words as possible. 3. ___ scratching the nose or breaking eye contact, for example, are both sure signs that the interviewee is not being entirely honest. someone who does not sit straight might be lazy, while someone who sits too straight is probably not creative. these are subjective and perhaps hasty judgements, but interviewers are human, like everyone else. a. your face should be open and friendly, inviting conversation from the interviewer. b. small details, such as posture, or the way you hold your head, have a greater impact than you can imagine. c. one interviewer we surveyed said she pays a lot of attention to a candidate’s body language. d. candidates should keep their answers to the point, without being monosyllabic. write down the 3 corresponding letters of the topic sentences for the 3 paragraphs.
dealing with unfamiliar words1、task: read the article about a kind of fitness training called hiit. then choose the best explanations for some of the words and expressions. hiit: is the fitness scene's biggest fad doing more harm than good? 1. high intensity interval training (hiit) has been the darling of the fitness scene for a few years now. fundamentally, it involves repetitions of short bursts of intense, 'maximal effort' exercise; usually for anywhere between 20 to 40 seconds. 2. the theory behind hiit is very appealing. by working out at your top level of exertion, you burn more calories in a short space of time than other workouts. what's more, studies show that your metabolism stays in a heightened state for up to 24 hours after you've finished. and in practice, hiit can have impressive results. it's an effective tool for increasing cardiovascular fitness, sculpting your physique and increasing metabolic rate. hence why hiit classes are popping up all over the place. people have become accustomed to turning up to a class with loud music and dark lighting, just like a night club – and leaving in the same state: barely able to walk. 3. however ... i have a big bone to pick with hiit, which is that there's often no focus on form or technique in these classes, even though it's now prescribed as the go-to form of exercise for everyone. instead, the measure of a good hiit sessions seems to be how 'destroyed' you feel after a class. it's inevitable that problems arise from this 'all pain for gain' approach. 4. one issue is simply that people are doing workouts that they're not conditioned for. there is no emphasis on flexibility, mobility or activation in many hiit classes; yet all are incredibly important in keeping the body fit and healthy as you age. 5. what's more, i regularly see people “smashing” multiple hiit classes a day, 5-6 days per week. hiit should not be done more than three times per week (at most), because it is so strenuous. it puts an incredible strain on your nervous system, joints and muscles; especially if you are overweight and unfit. 6. the hiit approach to exercise has gone ott. it's entering unsustainable territory. 7. hiit’s rise in popularity is symptomatic of what is wrong with the fitness industry as a whole: a brazen disregard of the fundamentals, and a detrimental “one size fits all” mentality. having trained 100s of clients in my five years as a personal trainer, the biggest issues most people have are a lack of flexibility, mobility and core strength, on top of muscle activation issues. all of the above can lead to chronic injuries and are further exacerbated by hiit. 8. my belief is that everyone should try to train like athletes do. i don’t mean the same training frequency and intensity as athletes, i mean the mentality and the approach. having trained as a competitive sprinter for four years, i learned to take every aspect of my life into account: sleep, rest days, nutrition and weaknesses. i learnt to listen to my body. some days i would wake up feeling tired and fatigued, so on those days i wouldn’t train hard. i would do something less intense and focus on recovery. 9. remember: burning calories isn't the be all and end all of fitness and good health. yes, hiit may burn more calories than any other form of exercise, but it's no use if it leads to injury or illness. overtraining is a real danger: it can ruin your immune system, cause insomnia, affect your appetite and release cortisol, which in turn can make you more likely to put on fat. 最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案** what does the word “fad” in the title probably mean?
a、craze.
b、program.
c、liar.
d、(this is a filler. do not choose this answer.)
2、what does the author mean by saying “i have a big bone to pick with hiit” in par.3?
a、he would like to give some suggestions for hiit goers.
b、he recommends this popular and effective fitness training.
c、he is annoyed by it and wants to talk about it.
d、(this is a filler. do not choose this answer.)
3、what does the word “smash” probably mean in par. 5?
a、break something into pieces.
b、hit something violently.
c、do something fast or in large amount.
d、(this is a filler. do not choose this answer.)
4、what does the abbreviation “ott” probably mean in par. 6?
a、beyond what is considered normal.
b、toward the end.
c、very popular.
d、(this is a filler. do not choose this answer.)
5、what does the word “symptomatic” mean in par. 7?
a、being a simple version.
b、being a sign.
c、being systematic.
d、(this is a filler. do not choose this answer.)
6、what does the word “fatigue” mean in par. 8?
a、exhausted.
b、upset.
c、depressed.
d、(this is a filler. do not choose this answer.)
lesson 4identifying author's purpose1、passage 1 most of us think (erroneously) that writers just sit down and churn out a wonderful essay, story or poem in one sitting in a flash of genius and inspiration. this is not true. experienced writers use the writing process from start to finish to help them write a clear document. if you do not reflect on your composition in stages and make changes as you develop it, you will not see all the problems or error in it. don’t try to write an essay or story just once and leave the room. that’s a mistake made by novice writers and will be glaringly obvious to an experienced reader. stay and look through your work. reflect upon what you’ve composed. even better, use a writing process where you prewrite and plan, write a rough draft, organize ideas, edit and proofread. your writing will suffer the consequences of poor craftsmanship otherwise. the author most likely wrote the paragraph in order to:
a、explain the writing process to someone who has rarely experienced it.
b、suggest that new writers use the writing process to craft their work.
c、identify the components of the writing process and the best way to incorporate into a composition.
d、compare the writing of a novice writer with that of an experienced one.
2、passage 2 on a highway, behind the gate of a vast garden, at the end of which could be discerned the white hues of a pretty manor house bathed in sunlight, was a beautiful, fresh child, clad in those country clothes that are so coquettish. luxury, freedom from cares, the habitual sight of richest make such children so pretty that one is tempted to consider them molded of a different substance from the children of mediocrity and poverty. beside him, lying on the grass, was a splendid toy, as fresh as its owner, varnished, gilded, clad in a crimson cloak and covered with plumes and glass beads. but the child was taking no notice of his favorite toy, and this is what he was looking at: on the other side of the gate, out on the roadway, among the nettles and thistles, was another child, dirty, sickly, soiled with soot, one of those pariah-kids in whom an impartial eye would discover beauty, as the eye of a connoisseur can divine an ideal painting underneath a layer of tarnish, if only the repugnant patina of poverty were washed away. -- from “the poor child’s toy” by charles baudelaire. the author most likely mentions the physical appearance of the impoverished child in the last paragraph in order to:
a、identify the cause of the child’s poverty.
b、intensify the reader’s sympathetic reaction toward the child.
c、criticize a social upbringing that would allow a child to suffer in such a way.
d、contrast the poverty of the second child with the privilege of the first.
3、passage 3 the high-tech world of clocks and schedules, computers and programs was supposed to free us from a life of toil and deprivation, yet with each passing day the human race becomes more enslaved, exploited, and victimized. millions starve while a few live in splendor. the human race remains divided from itself and severed from the natural world that is its primordial community. we now orchestrate an artificial time world, zipping along the electronic circuits of silicon chips, a time world utterly alien from the time a fruit takes to ripen, or a tide takes to receded. we have sped ourselves out of the time world of nature and into a fabricated time world where experience can only be simulated but no longer savored. our weekly routines and work lives are punctuated with artificial rhythms, the unholy union of perspective and power. and with each new electric dawn and dusk, we grow further apart from each other, more isolated and alone, more in control and less self-assured. -- from “time wars” by jeremy rifkin the author’s first paragraph primarily serves to:
a、identify the primary methods humans use to organize their lives.
b、criticize technology because it causes humans to turn from the natural world.
c、illustrate the ways in which humans are exploited by technology.
d、describe how humans have split from the natural world and have embraced technology.
4、passage 4 when most people think of a shipwreck, they imagine the remains of a huge wooden or metal boat crashed along the bottom of the ocean. fish swim in and out of the mangled boat’s hull, and coral and seaweed cling to its sides. meanwhile, divers with scuba gear and cameras paddle their way into the depths to explore inside the long-forgotten vessel. they might find anything from old pottery to rusty cannons to pirate gold, but one thing is certain: the deep cold water has swallowed up the ship and kept it secret for a very long time. surprisingly, though, water is not always a necessary element in shipwreck explorations. few people realize that many important shipwrecks can be found on land. trading skiffs, warships, and pirate galleons alike have been found buried deep in riverbeds, hilltops, and cornfields throughout the world. the author most likely composed these two paragraphs in order to:
a、inform the reader about surprising places shipwrecks have been found.
b、describe what a person would find if he or she visited a shipwreck.
c、compare the similarities between a water-found shipwreck and a land-found shipwreck.
d、intensify the discovery of a shipwreck by surprising the reader with a new location for finding them.
5、passage 5 each time a person opens his or her mouth to eat, he or she makes a nutritional decision. these selections make a definitive difference in how an individual looks, feels, and performs at work or play.when a good assortment of food like fresh fruits, leafy vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins is selected and eaten, the consequences are likely to be desirable levels for health and energy to allow one to be as active as needed. conversely, when choices consist of processed foods like packaged cookies, crackers, and sodas, items filled with sugars, hydrogenated fats, chemicals and preservatives – all of which can be harmful in large quantities – the consequences can be poor health or limited energy or both. studies of american diets, particularly the diets of the very young, reveal unsatisfactory dietary habits as evidenced by the numbers of overweight and out-of-shape young children. parents, who are supposed to be masters of their children’s dietary habits, often leave nutritional choices to their children, who are not informed enough to make healthy decisions. if anyone is to blame for the childhood obesity crisis in the united states today, it is the parents who allow their children to eat nutritionally bankrupt foods. the author most likely uses the phrase “filled with sugars, hydrogenated fats, chemicals and preservatives – all of which can be harmful in large quantities”in order to:
a、criticize the growing obesity crisis in the united states.
b、contrast poor choices in children in the united states with healthy choices.
c、identify the leading chemicals in processed foods so people know what to avoid.
d、intensify the negative reaction to processed foods.
making predictions1、here is the headline of a news article. predict what the article might be about. question: the news article might be about ____.
a、scientific research
b、a race between whales and sailboat
c、efforts at whale protection
d、dangers of boat racing
2、look at the title, subtitle, source, picture and notes of the news article introduced in task 1. predict again what the article might be about. scientists aim to keep whales from the being biggest losers in sailboat races new guidelines could help prevent often-deadly collisions with boats washington post, july 10, 2017 two humpback whales crest next to a sailboat off the coast of cape cod, massachusetts, in 2010. collisions between racing sailboats and whales are often deadly for the animals, so scientists and racing groups are working together to reduce the chance of collisions. (heidi hansen/whale and dolphin conservation via ap) question: the news article might be about ____.
a、a race between whales and sailboat
b、efforts to avoid whale-sailboat collision
c、new rules to guarantee sailors’ security
d、a new sporting activity being created
lesson 5making inferences-11、paragraph 1 valerie opened up the letter from the military department. she felt the pit of her stomach drop to the bottom of the earth before she even opened it. she knew it was news about john. as she read the first line, she thought of all the lunches she had packed him and all the nights she tucked him in his bed and warded off the nighttime monsters. the man carrying the flag put his hand on her shoulder. she thought of the day that john signed up for the military. her tears wet the letter. she stopped reading after the first line. question: what might the letter most likely say?
a、john joined the enemy forces.
b、john had been promoted.
c、john was on his way home.
d、john was killed in combat.
2、question: what was most likely valerie’s relationship to john?
a、she was his mail delivery person.
b、she was his sister.
c、she was his mother.
d、she was his wife.
3、paragraph 2 every day after work paul took his muddy boots off on the steps of the front porch. alice would have a fit if the boots made it so far as the welcome mat. he then took off his dusty overalls and threw them into a plastic garbage bag; alice left a new garbage bag tied to the porch railing for him every morning. on his way in the house, he dropped the garbage bag off at the washing machine and went straight up the stairs to the shower as he was instructed. he would eat dinner with her after he was “presentable,” as alice had often said. question: where does paul most like work?
a、in a cemetery.
b、in an office building.
c、in a grocery store.
d、at a bar.
4、question: where would alice likely have the least amount of fun?
a、going to a demolition derby.
b、sitting in church.
c、reading in a library.
d、walking around a museum.
5、question: what is the probable relationship between paul and alice?
a、best friends.
b、husband and wife.
c、employer and housemaid.
d、brother and sister.
6、paragraph 3 “tommy!” mom called out as she walked in the front door. “tommy,” she continued shouting, “i sure could use some help with these groceries. there was still no reply. mom walked into the kitchen to put the grocery bags down on the counter when she noticed shattered glass from the picture window all over the living room floor and a baseball not far from there. “i’m going to kill you, tommy!” mom yelled to herself as she realized that tommy’s shoes were gone. question: what most likely happened to the window?
a、a burglar broke in through the window.
b、tommy broke the window with his shoes.
c、tommy broke the window playing baseball.
d、mom broke the window with the groceries.
7、question: why was tommy most likely gone?
a、he didn’t see the window and went to play.
b、he had to go to work in a coal mine.
c、he had been kidnapped.
d、he was scared of what his mom would do.
making inferences-21、for the following questions, select the word with the appropriate positive connotation to complete each sentence. most teachers think that blanche is a very _________ young woman.
a、obstinate
b、determined
c、tenacious
d、stubborn
2、as the boys played video games, their parents _________ them.
a、watched
b、glared at
c、scrutinized
d、studied
3、my history teacher gives very _________ assignments.
a、taxing
b、demanding
c、challenging
d、perplexing
4、after graduating from college, my best friend has very _________ plans for his future.
a、grandiose
b、ruthless
c、ambitious
d、pretentious
5、for the following questions, select the word with the appropriate neutral connotation to complete each sentence. the teacher’s job is not as objective as it may seem at first; in fact, it is quite _________.
a、biased
b、unfair
c、slanted
d、subjective
6、given the recent _________ college standards, it seems as though anyone can get an advanced degree, nowadays.
a、decline in
b、plunge in
c、plummeting
d、demise of
7、for the following questions, select the word with the appropriate denotation to complete each sentence. some of the books we read are full of _________ claims, so they are difficult to absorb in just one reading.
a、complex
b、complicated
c、complicit
d、compliant
8、our professor’s false british accent is a humorous _________.
a、prefect
b、infect
c、affect
d、effect
lesson 6global understanding1、read the passages below and answer the questions that follow. questions 1–3 are based on the following passage. wondering what to do with that old atari home video game in the attic? it’s on the wish list of the computer museum of america, in san diego, california, which hopes you will donate it to their holdings. the museum was founded in 1983 to amass and preserve historic computer equipment such as calculators, card punches, and typewriters, and now owns one of the world’s largest collections. in addition, it has archives of computer-related magazines, manuals, and books that are available to students, authors, researchers, and others for historical research. one item currently on display is a 1920s comptometer, advertised as “the machine gun of the office.” the comptometer was first sneered at by accountants and bookkeepers, many of whom could add four columns of numbers in their heads. the new machine was the first that could do the work faster than humans. the comptometer gained a large following, and its operation became a formal profession that required serious training. but by the 1970s, computers took over, and comptometers, and the job of operating them, became obsolete. 1. all of the following are probably part of the collection of the computer museum of america except ___.
a、adding machines
b、operation manuals for calculators
c、card punch machines
d、kitchen scales
2、in the second paragraph, the author used the words “sneered at” to show ___.
a、a negative image of accountants
b、what accountants and bookkeepers looked like
c、the negative reaction to the comptometer
d、the precursor of the comptometer operator
3、what term paper topic could probably be researched at the computer museum of america?
a、alexander graham bell’s contributions to american society
b、ibm’s contribution to the development of the modern computer
c、more than just paintings: the museums of california
d、the rise and fall of the comptometer operator
4、passage 2 questions 4–9 are based on the following passage. today’s shopping mall has as its antecedents historical marketplaces, such as greek agoras, european piazzas, and asian bazaars. the purpose of these sites, as with the shopping mall, is both economic and social. people go not only to buy and sell wares, but also to be seen, catch up on news, and be part of the human drama. both the marketplace and its descendant the mall might also contain restaurants, banks, theaters, and professional offices. the mall is also the product of the creation of suburbs. although villages outside of cities have existed since antiquity, it was the technological and transportation advances of the 19th century that gave rise to a conscious exodus of the population away from crowded, industrialized cities toward quieter, more rural towns. since the suburbs typically have no centralized marketplace, shopping centers or malls were designed to fill the needs of the changing community, providing retail stores and services to an increasing suburban population. the shopping mall differs from its ancient counterparts in a number of important ways. while piazzas and bazaars were open-air venues, the modern mall is usually enclosed. since the suburbs are spread out geographically, shoppers drive to the mall, which means that parking areas must be an integral part of a mall’s design. ancient marketplaces were often set up in public spaces, but shopping malls are designed, built, and maintained by a separate management firm as a unit. the first shopping mall was built by j. c. nichols in 1922 near kansas city, missouri. the country club plaza was designed to be an automobile-centered plaza, as its patrons drove their own cars to it, rather than take mass transportation as was often the case for city shoppers. it was constructed according to a unified plan, rather than as a random group of stores. nichols’ company owned and operated the mall, leasing space to a variety of tenants. the first enclosed mall was the galleria vittoria emanuele in milan, italy in 1865–77. inspired by its design, victor gruen took the shopping and dining experience of the galleria to a new level when he created the southdale center mall in 1956. located in a suburb of minneapolis, it was intended to be a substitute for the traditional city center. the 95-acre, two-level structure had a constant climate-controlled temperature of 72 degrees, and included shops, restaurants, a school, a post office, and a skating rink. works of art, decorative lighting, fountains, tropical plants, and flowers were placed throughout the mall. southdale afforded people the opportunity to experience the pleasures of urban life while protected from the harsh minnesota weather. in the 1980s, giant megamalls were developed. while canada has had the distinction of being home to the largest of the megamalls for over twenty years, that honor will soon go to dubai, where the mall of arabia is being completed at a cost of over five billion u.s. dollars. the 5.3 million square foot west edmonton mall in alberta, canada, opened in 1981, with over 800 stores, 110 eating establishments, a hotel, an amusement park, a miniature-golf course, a church, a zoo, and a 438-foot-long lake. often referred to as the “eighth wonder of the world,” the west edmonton mall is the number-one tourist attraction in the area, and will soon be expanded to include more retail space, including a facility for sports, trade shows, and conventions. the largest enclosed megamall in the united states is blooming-ton, minneapolis’s mall of america, which employs over 12,000 people. it has over five hundred retail stores, an amusement park which includes an indoor roller coaster, a walk-through aquarium, a college and a wedding chapel. the mall contributes over one billion dollars each year to the economy of the state of minnesota. its owners have proposed numerous expansion projects, but have been hampered by safety concerns due to the mall’s proximity to an airport. 4. in line 1, antecedents most probably means ________.
a、designers
b、planners
c、predecessors
d、role models
5、which of the following questions cannot be explicitly answered on the basis of the passage?
a、who designed the southdale center mall in minnesota?
b、why was the country club plaza automobile-centered?
c、what are three examples of historical marketplaces?
d、where is the galleria vittoria emanuele?
6、how was the country club plaza different from an urban shopping district?
a、it consisted of many more stores.
b、it was built by one company that leased space and oversaw operations.
c、it was enclosed.
d、it had both retail stores and restaurants, and offered areas for community programs.
7、according to the passage, how did southdale expand the notion of the shopping mall?
a、it added an amusement park.
b、it was intended to be a substitute for the traditional city center.
c、it was the first to rise above two stories.
d、it was designed with more parking spaces than any previous shopping mall.
8、according to the last paragraph but one , which is the only activity visitors to the west edmonton mall cannot enjoy?
a、riding an amusement park ride
b、gambling in a casino
c、visiting animals in a zoo
d、playing miniature golf
9、what is not a probable reason for the proposed expansion of the mall of america?
a、to compete for visitors with the mall of arabia
b、to keep it closer in size to the other megamalls
c、so it can employ more people
d、to attract more tourists
lesson 7enumeration and exemplification1、read the passage and indicate if each of the underlined part is an example of enumeration or exemplification. write en for enumeration, and ex for exemplification. from sunscreens to protective clothing, be smart about tanning sandra guy - for the sun-times could tanning be today’s glamorous cancer trigger, (a) much like cigarettes that were, in their heyday, marketed as sexy and sophisticated? yes, say dermatologists and skin-cancer specialists. indeed, the rate at which people are getting malignant melanoma — the most aggressive and life-threatening skin cancer — has skyrocketed to one in 50 people, compared with one in 1,500 nearly 90 years ago, says dr. sigrun hallmeyer, a melanoma specialist at advocate medical group. “it’s a striking increase,” she said. “it’s now the fastest-rising human malignancy, especially affecting young people.” and the incidence rate is still on the increase. how could this happen in (b) an age of smartphones, chat bots and digital assistants that offer information overload? after all, the key ways to prevent sun damage in adults are to wear a hat and protective clothing and apply a sunscreen with at least a 40 sun protection factor (spf) that includes active chemical ingredients (c) such as oxybenzone, octinoxate, octisalate and avobenzone, says trisha calvo, deputy editor for health at consumer reports. the ingredients create a chemical reaction and work by changing ultraviolet (uv) rays into heat, then releasing that heat from the skin. “we recommend this for two reasons: (d) first, because in our [consumer reports] tests, we found that some sunscreens tested below the spf number listed on the label,” calvo says. “and second, because in our tests over the years, we have consistently found that mineral sunscreens perform less well than those with chemical active ingredients.” sunbathers should liberally apply at least one ounce of sunscreen — roughly the size of one’s palm — over their bodies and reapply it every two hours, the experts say. (e) for children from six months to three years old, dr. adam friedman, an associate professor of dermatology, says it’s best to use a sunscreen with mineral blockers such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide because chemicals can irritate babies’ and toddlers’ skin. for children ages 3 and up, and for teens, use sunscreens with both chemical and mineral blockers to maximize the effectiveness, said friedman, who also serves as residency program director and director of translational research in the department of dermatology at the george washington university school of medicine & health sciences in washington, d.c. the broad-spectrum sunscreens protect against both uvb and uva exposure, as the latter penetrates the skin more deeply than does uvb exposure, says dr. lynne c. napatalung, a dermatologist at the illinois dermatology institute in chicago and buffalo grove. uva is more important for contributing to wrinkles by degrading or breaking down collagen, napatalung says. the most effective protection is (f) to stay in the shade, cover children’s strollers, protect children’s bodies with clothing as much as possible and be vigilant, the doctors agreed. “sun protection should start at the first moments of life,” friedman says. “caregivers need to be diligent. a bad sunburn can be life-threatening for a baby.” 问题1 填空 (2分) (a) is: ____.
2、(b) is: ____.
3、(c) is: ____.
4、(d) is: ____.
5、(e) is: ____.
6、(f) is: ____.
responding to reading1、there are two tasks in this exercise: task 1: read the section of "are human activities contributing to climate change?" and complete the following summary by filling the gaps with either one or two words. the words required are all used in the original text. studying the causes of unusual climate change is problematic because change caused by _____________ is often hidden or masked by natural climate variability. in order to separate these two factors, investigations can be divided into __________ and ______________ studies. in the first case, information can be gained by measuring _________________, and in the second situation by finding reasons for the unusual changes in climate that have been noted. in attributing causes resulting from human activity, scientists can make use of ______________. two examples of this are, firstly, by comparing maps or patterns of temperature change, which is known as _______________, or secondly, by finding characteristic patterns of climate response between observed climate change and predicted change from models, which is referred to as a _________________.
2、task 2: read the section of "what human activities are contributing to climate change?" and find references to the following phrases. what is their significance regarding climate change? example: the burning of fossil feul = very significant contributor to carbon dioxide emissions. a) the regrowth of vegetation in the northern hemisphere. b) land use changes. c) existing international agreements. d) the tropospheric ozone. e) the antarctic ozone hole. f) small particles in the atmosphere.
lesson 8comparison and contrast1、task: read the passage organized in the point-by-point format and answer the questions. uk vs. usa education system according to the world university rankings compiled by the times higher education, more than half of the world’s top 200 universities are located in either the us or the uk. both countries share a rich tradition of quality higher education, excellent research facilities, and a culture that promotes intellectualism as well as academic freedom. however, while both certainly provide an excellent environment for learning, there are many differences between the two countries regarding the structure of the university as well as student life. in this article, we will explore the primary differences between the american and british systems of education. length of time perhaps the most important difference between the education system in the us, and the uk, is the amount of time it takes to finish your degree (except in scotland, where a bachelor’s degree also lasts four years). in general, degree programs in the us take about one year longer than programs in the uk, although this varies depending upon whether you receive a master’s degree prior to a phd. in both systems, you can go directly to a phd program out of your undergraduate program, but in the uk it is more common to complete a master’s degree program before moving on to a phd. courses of study are shorter in the uk because the course programs are generally much more focused than in the us. academic term most universities in the us begin their terms in mid to late august, although smaller liberal arts colleges may start later. most take a rather lengthy break beginning in mid-december and begin the second semester in early to mid-january. however, universities that are on different calendars, such as a trimester or quarter-based system, may begin their winter break at the thanksgiving holiday, which falls at the end of november. the academic term in the uk is a bit more varied. while most also use the semester system, the trimester and quarter systems are used in some universities. many schools start in september or october and end in may or june, making for a slightly longer academic year. however, the academic term is less standardized throughout the united kingdom; if you choose to study there, your university might use a much different calendar. university organization many universities in the uk are made up of “colleges” which are dedicated to a specific subject matter. while the colleges are still governed by the university, each college has quite a lot of autonomy from each other as well as the university itself. you live with others in your college, eat with others from your college, and generally stay within your college for the duration of your studies. rather than applying to the central university admissions department, like you do in the us, you either apply directly to the college of the subject you want to study, or in the case of undergraduate programs, you apply through a centralized system which allows you to apply to several colleges at once. this system is called the universities and colleges admissions service, or ucas. this means that you have to know what you want to study before you even apply. by contrast, in the us, you apply to the larger university and for the first year or more, you take courses from a variety of fields and only declare a major at the end of the first year or perhaps even during the second year. american universities have different “schools,” or departments, such as the school of arts and sciences, which houses a number of related majors. however, even after you declare a major at an american university, you are still expected to take classes outside of that field, known as “electives.” for this reason, we can say that the general emphasis of higher education in the us is breadth, or getting a range of knowledge from a variety of different subjects. in the uk, the emphasis is more on depth; getting a very thorough understanding of your chosen subject. homework and grades because the us system emphasizes breadth, courses require weekly or even biweekly readings as well as other assignments such as small writing projects, major research papers, and oral presentations throughout the course. in the uk, most schools are much more lecture-based, with only occasional assignments throughout the semester. in some cases, there may be no actual required assignments and instead your entire grade may be based on one final exam. in the us, your grade will be based on your performance on the variety of assignments, with a final exam making up only a percentage of your total grade. cost the cost of education in both countries is far from cheap, but the cost of an education in the united states is generally higher. according to a law passed in 2012, universities in england may charge up to £9000 (approximately $14,300) per year. of course, this applies only to citizens of the uk and the eu, not international students. fees for international students can be significantly higher. the government sets the limits for tuition fees, and each individual school sets its own fee up to that limit. by contrast, the government has very little control over what universities charge in the united states. the us differentiates between in-state tuition fees and out-of-state tuition fees, as well as between private and public universities. these distinctions determine the tuition fee. the average tuition fee for public two-year institutions is around $3000 per year, while the average fee for private four-year institutions is around $29,000 per year. finally, some private four-year institutions can cost up to $50,000 per year. in order to help students cover the cost of tuition in both countries, loans are available through the government with favorable terms and interest rates. accommodation both countries provide students with residence halls in which to live. they are roughly equivalent, although in the uk it is more normal to have a bedroom by yourself, whereas in the us, you may very well share a bedroom with at least one other person. however, after the first year, students in the us may have additional housing options available to them, such as private housing or off-campus housing. it is also more common for dormitories to be self-catered in the uk, while the us normally provides a range of full dining options for its students. one potentially significant difference is that maid service is common in the residence halls in the uk, although students pay a nominal fee for this service. conclusion while both countries provide a great education, each system approaches education slightly differently, and there are advantages and disadvantages to each. if you are considering getting your education in either the us or the uk, you should take into consideration the various differences mentioned in this article, especially the amount of time it takes to finish the degree, the tuition fees and whether you prefer more depth or more breadth in your degree program. questions: 1. in general, how is the length of time of degree programs in the us different from that in the uk?
a、degree programs in the us take about one year longer than programs in the uk.
b、degree programs in the us take about one year shorter than those in the uk.
c、courses of study are shorter in the uk.
d、(this is not an answer.)
2、in what ways is the academic term in the us different from that in the uk?
a、universities in the us have more lengthy breaks that those in the uk.
b、the academic term is relatively more standardized in the us.
c、many universities in the uk have a slightly longer academic year.
d、(this is not an answer.)
3、how do students apply to a school in the us?
a、they apply to the central university admissions department.
b、they apply directly to the college of subject you are interested.
c、they apply through a centralized system which allows you to apply to several colleges at once.
d、(this is not an answer.)
4、what do we know about the us system in the part of homework and grades?
a、it is more lecture-based.
b、it is more exam-based.
c、it is more performance-base.
d、(this is not an answer.)
5、what is true about the cost of education in the us and the uk?
a、the cost of education is high in both countries.
b、education fees for oversea students can be significantly higher.
c、public universities are more expensive than private universities.
d、(this is not an answer.)
6、what could students probably have in a residence hall in a uk university? (you can choose more than one option.)
a、a bedroom by him/herself.
b、additional housing options.
c、a kitchen.
d、maid service with a nominal fee.
lesson 9cause and effect1、read the passage “air pollution could be disrupting your sleep” and answer the questions. air pollution could be disrupting your sleep global warming keeping you up at night? scientists say that could literally be the case. researchers found people who live in areas with elevated levels of carbon dioxide often experience disrupted sleep over time. a sampling of about 2,000 people showed those who slept in areas with the highest levels of traffic-related carbon dioxide had a nearly 60 percent increased likelihood of having low sleep efficiency, or the percentage of time spent sleeping versus lying awake in bed. those who slept in areas with the highest levels of small particulates had a 50 percent increased risk of disrupted sleep. “these new findings indicate the possibility that commonly experienced levels of air pollution not only affect heart and lung disease, but also sleep quality,” said lead author martha e. billings, an assistant professor of medicine at the university of washington. “improving air quality may be one way to enhance sleep health and perhaps reduce health disparities.” the study, presented at the american thoracic society’s international conference, measured participants’ sleep and wake patterns over seven days and compared it to air pollution estimates at each person’s house. billings said air pollutants can lead to irritation and inflammation in airways and nasal passages. pollution, she added, could affect the bloodstream, which could impact the regulation of breathing and sleep. pollution, the study said, has been tied to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), lower respiratory infections and even sleep apnea. on the other hand, researchers said pollution may actually improve sleep. researchers added more studies need to be done on how other pollutants affect sleep. the study’s results don’t bode well for tired inhabitants of earth. in 2016, scientists found the world’s carbon dioxide levels were the highest they’d been in millions of years. question 1: what might the commonly experienced levels of air pollution probably affect? answer: it affects people’s __________ as well as their heart and lung disease.
2、question 3: what can air pollutants cause according to billings? answer: it can lead to _____________________ in airways and nasal passages.
3、question 2: according to martha e. billings, what effects could improving air quality bring? answer: it may enhance ______________ and perhaps reduce health disparities.
4、question 4: what could pollution affect according to billings? answer: pollution could affect the ___________, which could impact the regulation of breathing and sleep.
5、question 5: what are closely related to pollution according to the study? answer: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), __________________ and even sleep apnea.
responding to reading1、here are some short summaries. each one goes with one of the paragraphs [a–j], but they are not in the correct order. can you put them in the correct sequence? 1) although many africans are multilingual, they often don’t speak english because it is less useful to them than the languages they do speak. 2) despite the strong position of english in the world, the long-term trend may be for it to become less important. 3) english first became internationally important because of england’s historical role in the world. 4) generally, only certain types of people are effective users of english as a foreign language. the situation is not likely to change in the future. 5) important international uses of english mean that people who speak it are often in a better position than those who don’t. 6) one reason why regional languages are becoming more important is that various government and religious organizations throughout the world are encouraging their use. 7) regional languages will become increasingly important as a way of facilitating communication in places where local languages are spoken. 8) the use of english is growing throughout the world in an uncontrolled fashion. 9) there are a number of reasons why english is currently increasing in international importance. some of them are less obvious than others. 10) the demand for regional languages is increasing rapidly. par. a: __8)__ par. b: ______ par. c: ______ par. d: ______ par. e: ______ par. f: ______ par. g: ______ par. h: ______ par. i: ______ par. j: ______
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