1.2.1section i brainstorming and cultural exploration (第一节 阴晴冷暖 蕴含深意)
1、【单选题】__________means “someone takes attention away from someone else”. a、head in the cloud b、steal one’s thunder c、sail close to the wind d、it never rains but it pours.
2、【单选题】in england, rain is associated with love. the origin of this tradition lies in_________. a、roman mythology b、greek mythology c、the bible d、folklore
3、【单选题】“be a _________” means “to be very easy to do”. a、wind b、storm c、breeze d、gale
4、【多选题】we can use the words__________to describe the hot summer days. a、scotching b、roasting c、nippy d、blistering
1.2.2section ii critical thinking cultivation (第二节 戏说天气 畅所欲言)
1、【单选题】which of the following statement is not correct? a、nice weather could give us good mood. b、harsh weather will do harm to our health. c、harsh weather can hone the will. d、if the weather is agreeable in a city, it will satisfy us in every aspect.
2、【单选题】“take a_________check” means “decline something now but offer to do it at a later date”. a、wind b、snow c、rain d、cloud
3、【多选题】which of the following expressions are used when giving reasons? a、there are good reasons for... b、the main reason is that... c、the reason why is that... d、the reasons are as follows...
1.3.1 section i brainstorming and cultural exploration (第一节 面试访问 得心应手)
1、【单选题】in their sixties, donald trump and hillary clinton still try their best to compete for a job as president. this shows that in western countries, _________is not a problem when looking for a job. a、gender b、age c、party d、ethnic group
2、【多选题】interview may happen in a wide variety of contexts. if you want to_________etc., you cannot do without attending an interview. a、land a job b、get promoted c、further academic study d、seek help from psychologists
3、【多选题】which of the following postures are appropriate in an interview? a、keeping eye contact b、wagging the legs c、tapping fingers d、sitting up straight
4、【多选题】in general, for formal business interview, men tend to wear__________and tie. a、a white shirt b、dark-colored suit c、dark-colored shoes d、fancy clothes
1.3.2 section ii critical thinking cultivation (第二节 知题深意 百战不殆)
1、【单选题】once there is an interview coming up, do the interviewees need to spend some time researching the company and the position they applied for? a、yes b、no
2、【多选题】what are the common questions asked in a job interview? a、what are your greatest strengths and weaknesses? b、where do you see yourself in five years? c、how did you hear about our company? d、why should we hire you?
1.4.1 section i brainstorming and cultural exploration (第一节 一网情深 无所不包)
1、【单选题】which of the following buzzword means “to attract envious emotions”? a、draw hatred b、attract hostility c、court envy d、flaunt wealth
2、【单选题】_________needs to be renewed because the bugs need to be debugged. a、software b、hardware c、ip address d、virus
3、【多选题】“brainwashing pop songs” are quite popular on the internet because of their__________. a、simple and easy rhythm b、straightforward lyrics c、singers d、fast pace
1.4.2 section ii critical thinking cultivation (第二节 网络利弊 慧眼辨识)
1、【单选题】all the following statements are the downsides of students’ becoming addicted to online games except ______________. a、their grades can plunge. b、their health decline. c、their friendship cease. d、they can win a scholarship.
2、【多选题】in the internet era, the characteristics of a typical modern-day campus include_________________. a、a fleet of laptops b、wireless internet access 24 hours a day c、access to immeasurable amount of information d、a fleet of smartphones
3、【多选题】when talking about the advantages and disadvantages of something, we can use the following sentence patterns, such as _______________. a、every coin has two sides. b、advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages. c、while discussing the merits of ..., we cannot forget its demerits. d、while...has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.
4、【多选题】what are the advantages of playing online games? a、making new friends b、killing time c、relieving stress d、developing intelligence
1.5.1section i brainstorming and cultural exploration (第一节 游山玩水 观风问俗)
1、【多选题】what may be the disadvantage of package tours? a、the tight schedules b、cheap prices c、getting stuck with annoying people d、being forced to buy souvenirs
2、【多选题】which of the four choices can be the purpose of traveling? a、to be an adventure to explore various places b、to see and experience how other cultures live c、to admire the wonders created by nature d、to get inspired
1.5.2section ii critical thinking cultivation(第二节 团体个人 仁者见仁)
1、【单选题】traveling with a group and having a tour guide, along with securing the best ______, may help eliminate your worries. a、friend b、travel route c、schedule d、travel insurance
2、【多选题】in a package tour, the tour company will make sure all components of your trip are ready, which include ________. a、the spots you will visit b、your transportation c、accommodation d、sightseeing tickets
3、【多选题】the advantage of package tours are: a、it’s more economical to travel with the group. b、you can always get insider information. c、all the components of your trip are ready and laid out for you. d、the travelers are safer.
4、【多选题】what are the disadvantages of package tours? a、the schedules are usually very tight. b、there’s a chance that you may not be able to do or see everything. c、you may get stuck with annoying people. d、the price are usually too expensive.
1.6.1section i brainstorming and cultural exploration(第一节 消费观念 中西有别)
1、【单选题】sometimes people are broke and borrow money from ______ using an item of value as collateral. a、a surplus store b、an antique shop c、a pawnshop d、peddlers
2、【多选题】people can go shopping in ________. a、big shopping malls b、luxury brand stores c、boutiques d、local specialty stores
3、【多选题】there are three main types of home shopping: a、mail ordering from catalogs b、telephone ordering c、grocery stores shopping d、online shopping
4、【多选题】in the case of a nonprofit shop, the public donates goods to these shops, which can be also called ______. a、secondhand shops b、thrift stores c、charity shops d、op shops
1.6.2section ii critical thinking cultivation(第二节 上天要价 落地还钱)
1、【单选题】when we ________, we are discussing an agreement or price in order to make it more appealing. a、persuade sb. to do sth. b、bargain with sb. over/about sth. c、make a bargain d、attract sb. to do sth.
2、【多选题】how to ask for the price? a、can i have a look? b、how much is it? c、how much does it cost? d、what’s the price of it?
3、【多选题】how to ask for a lower price? a、would you give me a discount b、you are insane. c、can you make it cheaper? d、can you give it to me for free?
4、【多选题】what are the main steps in bargaining? a、ask for after-sales services b、ask for the price c、ask for a lower price d、accept or give up
1.7.1section i brainstorming and cultural exploration(第一节 健康状况 不容忽视)
1、【单选题】when you are in the supermarket buying groceries. which bread is considered to be more healthier? a、white bread. b、brown bread. c、multi-grain. d、muffin.
2、【单选题】you come back home from school and you feel like having a snack. which of the choices is considered to be healthier? a、a greasy burger and chips from the burger shop. b、asian take-away. c、a healthy sandwich at home. d、fried chicken and a beer.
3、【多选题】there are several kinds of healthier foods that we can from to control our blood pressure as well as blood sugar, such as ______. a、foods with less salt and sugar b、low-fat dairy products c、healthy protein foods, less red meat; d、whole grain bread
4、【多选题】which of the following are the main aspects to keep healthy? a、food and drink b、doing exercise c、good living habits d、positive attitude about life
1.7.2section ii critical thinking cultivation(第二节 身康体健 福之源泉)
1、【多选题】which of the following are considered to be the different ways to keep healthy? a、drink a lot of water. b、do physical exercise. c、eat non-processed food. d、dine out regularly.
2、【多选题】what can be the proper interpretation of the phrase “health is wealth”? a、the value or use of things and money b、the connection between a person’s goals and physical status c、how illness negatively can affect work and income d、the importance of taking care of oneself.
3、【多选题】what typical food is offered in a fast food restaurant? a、hamburgers b、french fries c、salad d、soft drinks
2.1.1section i types of sentences (第一节 句子类型 花样繁多)
1、【单选题】identify the type of sentences below according to the complexity of sentence structures. after i returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work, but the history teacher made me drop her course. a、compound-complex b、simple c、compound d、complex
2、【单选题】identify the type of sentences below according to the complexity of sentence structures. he lost his watch last week. a、compound-complex b、simple c、compound d、complex
3、【单选题】identify the type of sentences below according to the complexity of sentence structures. the heavy rain started suddenly, so we stopped planting our trees. a、compound-complex b、simple c、compound d、complex
4、【多选题】what types of sentences are there, according to the complexity of sentence structures? a、simple, b、compound, c、complex d、compound-complex. e、loose sentence, f、periodic sentence
2.1.2section ii problematic sentences (第二节 句中错误 啼笑皆非)
1、【单选题】common errors occur from: a、punctuation b、word order c、sentence structure. 答案abc
2.1.3section iii effective sentences(第三节有效句子 字斟句酌)
1、【判断题】do you think these sentences are grammatically correct? a. college life makes me feel excited. b. if you compare two ways of life carefully, you will find the former is superior to the latter. c. our parents always expect us to make progress in school and if we fail to do so, they will ask why.
2.1.4section iv figures of speech(第四节 善用修辞 妙趣横生)
1、【判断题】a figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in a distinctive way.
2.2.1section i introductory paragraph(第一节 文章开篇 开宗明义)
1、【多选题】an introductory paragraph usually contains two parts: a、concluding sentence b、general statements c、thesis statement
2、【填空题】one sentence that tells your reader the main points of your topic and states the overall “plan” of your essay is called____
2.2.2section ii body paragraph(第二节 主体段落 旁征博引)
1、【填空题】every body paragraph should have a topic sentence. the topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. it is the most important sentence and usually is put at the ____of a paragraph.
2、【判断题】the body paragraph usually contains three parts too. they are: a thesis statement, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.
2.2.3section iii concluding paragraph(第三节 结尾之处 画龙点睛)
1、【判断题】summarizing your idea in the conlusion means that you can just copy the thesis statement.
2、【判断题】a conclusion completes the essay by reemphasizing your thesis statement or main ideas and showing the significance of the writing.
2.3.1section i narration (第一节 记叙文章 言之有序)
1、【单选题】the most common mode of narrative writing is __________. a、first-person view b、second-person view c、third-person view
2、【单选题】the theme of a narrative must be supported with __________. a、details b、imagination c、characters d、resolution
3、【单选题】which part of a narrative essay covers the information about the setting, the characters and the beginning actions? a、conclusion b、body c、introduction
2.3.2section ii exposition(第二节 说明文章 言必有物)
1、【单选题】the essay that explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project is called __________. a、narration b、exposition c、description d、argumentation
2、【单选题】which part should identify the main idea of your expository essay? a、introduction b、body c、conclusion
3、【单选题】in view of different purposes, an exposition of cause-effect essays are usually classified into _______ types. a、four b、three c、two d、one
4、【多选题】an exposition of _________ is used to demonstrate how two or more subjects are the same and different. a、definition b、process c、comparison d、contrast e、solution
2.3.3section iii description(第三节 描写文章 栩栩如生)
1、【单选题】you should use _________ adjectives that express emotion to describe the topic. a、broad b、general c、specific
2、【单选题】“the diamond department was the heart and center of the store.” the figure of speech used in this sentence is _________. a、metaphor b、personification c、simile
3、【单选题】“the young boy was as tall and scrawny as a birch tree in winter.” is an example of _______ description. a、objective b、subjective
2.3.4section iv argumentation(第四节 论说文章 鞭辟入里)
1、【单选题】on the whole is a transitional expression used to _________. a、compare b、add c、prove d、conclude
2、【单选题】the thesis statement is a concise idea that expresses your view on the issue. the thesis usually appears _________ the introduction paragraph. a、at the beginning of b、in the middle of c、at the end of
3、【单选题】an argumentative essay must contain elements to help persuade the audience to see things from the writer’s perspective. these components include a compelling topic, strong ________, and persuasive language, etc. a、motive b、evidences c、introduction d、all of the above
2.4.1section i memo (第一节 小小备忘 伴君职场)
1、【单选题】in a memo, which subject is better? a、appointment of mr. smith b、appointment
2、【单选题】if the memo is for more than one reader, the part ________ should be added. a、enc b、cc
3、【单选题】try to use ________ words to make a memo as clear. a、simple and brief b、long and formal
4、【单选题】in a memo, ___________ are preferred. a、long sentences with complex structure b、simple sentences with fewer words
5、【单选题】in the body part, _________ are used to make the reader focus on important points. a、bullets or lists b、punctuations
2.4.2section ii workplace letters & emails(第二节 书信电邮 刻章琢句)
1、【单选题】fully blocked layout means that everything starts ________. a、at the right b、at the left
2、【单选题】inside address includes the name and address of the ________. a、manager b、recipient
3、【单选题】in the part of conclusion, it ________. a、may show your hope to see or hear from someone soon b、refers to the reasons why you write
4、【单选题】if an invoice should be attached to the letter, type _______ at the foot of the letter. a、enc b、cc
5、【单选题】letter of congratulations is to express your ________. a、sorrow b、pleasure
2.4.3section iii résumés & cvs (第三节 个人简历 毛遂自荐)
1、【单选题】your ________ is about the work you're hoping to do. a、personal information b、job objective
2、【单选题】in the part of ________, you should include the information about your degrees. a、education b、introduction
3、【单选题】in the resume, you’d better use your ______ name and a permanent address. a、last b、first c、full
4、【单选题】dates of the employment should be included in the part of ________. a、work experience b、job objective
5、【单选题】the purpose of a reference is_________ . a、to have a list of people to verify your experience. b、to show your job expectations
2.4.4section iv report(第四节 书写报告 词严义密)
1、【单选题】if the report is quite long and formal, the part of ________should be given. a、table of contents b、enc.
2、【单选题】the ________ part introduces the background information, aims and objectives, reasons, as well as the key terms. a、introduction b、table of contents
3、【单选题】it is nearly impossible for you to finish __________ without any planning and revising. a、the summary part b、the part of detailed finding
4、【单选题】in a report, ________ voice is preferred. a、passive b、positive
5、【单选题】the _________ part is a summary of the important findings of the report. a、conclusion b、detailed
2.5.1section i cet 4 & 6 english composition writing--------(第一节 四级六级 小题大做)
1、【单选题】in terms of topic, the critical factor is __________. a、variety b、flexibility c、relevancy d、accuracy
2、【单选题】despite is a transitional word for_________. a、concession b、sequence c、emphasis d、refutation
3、【单选题】the grammatical error in this sentence “there is no doubt that western culture is the leading one, it has changed the world deeply. ” is __________. a、mismatched usage b、tense error c、no connective d、consistency problem
4、【多选题】which ones are transition words for contrast? __________ a、conversely b、similarly c、on the other hand d、whereas e、nevertheless f、equally
2.5.2section ii tem 4 & 8 composition writing-------(第二节 四级八级 连战皆捷)
4、【多选题】英汉互译时可视情形添加适当的拟声词或不用拟声词,以下哪个选项属于这一现象? a、he crashed down on a protesting chair.他猛然坐到一把椅子上,椅子被压得吱吱作响。 b、the train clattered out of the station.火车哐唧哐唧驶出车站。 c、the shutters clattered in the wind.百叶窗在风中劈劈啪啪作响。 d、the dishes and bowls slid together with a clatter.碟子碗碰得丁丁当当响。
3.1.3section iii color words(第三节 颜色词汇 七彩斑斓)
1、【单选题】he is a real blue blood.哪个翻译是正确的? a、他的血是蓝色的。 b、他是真正的贵族。
2、【多选题】mr. white is a very white man. he looked rather green the other day. he has been feeling blue today. when i saw him, he was in a brown mood. i hope he'll soon be in the pink again. 本句中关于颜色词汇的翻译,下列说法正确的是: a、white是“忠实可靠” b、green是“病色” c、blue表示“沮丧”或“悲伤” d、brown是“衰败,萎靡不振” e、in the pink是“身体很棒”
1、【单选题】in wenzhou, he was a big fish in a small pond,but when he moved to beijing, he found that he was just only one among many millions. 正确的翻译是: a、在温州,他在小池塘里养了一条大鱼。可是搬到北京后,他发现他只有百万分之一那么多。 b、在温州,他很了不起。可是搬到北京后,他发现他不过是芸芸众生之一罢了。
2、【单选题】it’s time to study now and stop horsing around. 以下哪个翻译更贴切? a、学习时间已到,别胡闹了。 b、学习时间已到,别再骑马了。
3、【多选题】英汉语中使用不同的动物词汇来表达相同含义属于部分对等。 以下翻译中,属于部分对等的有: a、like a cat in hot bricks像热锅上的蚂蚁;如坐针毡 b、to let the cat out of bag意为泄露秘密;露马脚 c、like a drowned rat 湿得像落汤鸡 d、like a rat in a hole瓮中捉鳖 e、to set a fox to keep one’s geese引狼入室
4、【多选题】以下英汉习语,形义基本相同有: a、as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 b、to make a beast of oneself 形同禽兽 c、to take a load off one's mind 如释重负 d、money makes the mare go. 有钱能使鬼推磨。
3.1.7section vii false friends(第七节 去伪存真 心有七窍)
1、【单选题】an apple of love 的正确翻译是: a、西红柿 b、爱情之果
2、【单选题】i never see him but i want to kiss him. 以下翻译中,翻译正确的是: a、我从没见过他,但是我却想吻他。 b、我每次看见他都想吻他。
3、【单选题】“nothing if not”是一种双重否定等于强调肯定的句式。 this is nothing if not a lovely teddy bear. 正确的翻译是: a、这是个非常可爱的玩具熊。 b、这真不是可爱的玩具熊。
4、【多选题】以下翻译中,正确的有: a、busboy 餐馆勤杂工 b、eleventh hour 最后时刻 c、busybody 大忙人 d、dead president 美钞 e、sweet water 淡水
5、【多选题】英语中,all ,every , both , each , any , many, everything, everybody, whole等词与not结合使用而构成部分否定,其含义为“不都是”、“并非全” “未必都”等。下列翻译属于部分否定的有: a、all that glitters is not gold.闪光的并非全是金子。 b、trees do not stand on both sides of the street.大街的两旁没有都植树木。 c、there are many stars in the sky. not any of them gives out light and heat. 天空中有很多星星,但并非每一颗都发光发热。
3.2.1section i basic sentence patterns (第一节 基本句型 本固枝荣)
1、【单选题】“he is honest”是 型句型? a、s v p b、s v do c、s v a d、s v io
2、【单选题】在“please pass me the salt.”这个句子中,“the salt”是 。 a、间接宾语 b、直接宾语
2、【多选题】在长句“one great weakness of the internet, though, is that it is difficult to know whether the information is true and accurate.”中,包含哪些从句? a、表语从句 b、宾语从句 c、状语从句 d、主语从句
3.2.8section viii non-predicate verb-included sentence patterns(第八节 遇非谓语 小心翼翼)
1、【单选题】在“he worked day and night to get the money.”一句中,动词不定式“to get the money”在句中所作成分为 . a、原因状语 b、结果状语 c、目的状语 d、宾语补足语
2、【单选题】非谓语动词做定语时,必须考虑非谓语动词和它所修饰的名词之间是否有动宾关系。如果有,用 ,如果没有,则用 。 a、to do, doing b、doing, to do
3、【判断题】谓语一定是动词,但是动词不一定是谓语。
4、【判断题】确定非谓语动词的时态时,要看非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序。
5、【判断题】非谓语动词是没有时态和语态的。
3.3.1section i translation criterion and translating course(第一节 标准了然 执本末从)
1、【单选题】you are stubborn. he is pig-headed. i am strong-willed. a、你很固执,他是猪头,我有强大的意志。 b、你很执拗,他是头犟驴,而我却意志坚强。
2、【单选题】some people swap houses for a holiday. a、有的人异地度假互换房子住。 b、有的人以房子换假期。
3、【单选题】选出正确译文: the police went out in force to control the crowd. a、警察出动武力去控制人群。 b、警察大批出动去控制人群。
4、【多选题】英国翻译家alexander fraser tytler 1790年在essay on the principles of translation一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则: a、a translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. b、the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. c、a translator should always respect the readers. d、a translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
5、【判断题】我国清代翻译家严复于1898年提出了著名的翻译标准“信、达、雅”。
3.3.2section ii literal or liberal;alienation or domestication(第二节 直译意译 归化异化)
1、【单选题】in the kingdom of blind men the one-eyed man is king. a、山中无老虎,猴子称大王。 b、在盲人的王国里,独眼人就是王。以上两个翻译选项,哪个是异化?
2、【单选题】behind the mountain, the sun set. a、日落山阴 b、山背后,太阳落下去了。以上两个翻译选项,哪个是归化?
3.3.3section iii division or splitting(第三节 断句译法 信手拈来)
1、【单选题】at present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 哪个译文更顺畅? a、现在人们都倾向于选择不偏不倚回答问题的安全。 b、现在,人们都倾向于采取一种不偏不倚的态度来回答问题,因为它安全,不招风险。
2、【单选题】i put on my clothes by the light of a half-moon just setting, whose rays streamed through the narrow window near my bed. 哪种译文更好? a、我趁着正要落下去的半个月亮光穿上了衣服,月光从小床旁边窄窄的窗子射了进来。 b、一轮残月渐渐西坠,月光透过小床旁边的一扇狭窄的窗子射了进来,我趁着月光穿上了衣服。
1、【单选题】mercury expands as it gets hotter and contracts as it cools. 哪种翻译更好? a、水银会膨胀当它热的时候,缩小当它冷的时候。 b、水银会热胀冷缩。
2、【单选题】你什么都不用做,只要按电钮就行了。 哪个译文更好些? a、all you have to do is to press the button. b、you need to do nothing. only press the button.
3、【判断题】转句译法是“转词为词”,缩句译法即是“缩句为句”。
4、【判断题】中文:这本书使她声誉突起。这不仅是因为她是一位女作家,而是因为书中的高尚情操。 译文:the book brought her instant fame, not only because she was a woman writer, but also because of the noble sentiments in the book. 这个译文正确吗?
5、【判断题】tell me who your friends are and i'll tell you who you are. 可以翻译为:交友知其人
3.3.6section vi voice conversion (第六节 转态译法 约定俗成)
1、【单选题】哪个翻译更好些? the visitor was flattered and impressed. a、这位客人受宠若惊,深为感动。 b、这位客人很会拍马屁,给人留下了深刻印象。
2、【单选题】哪个翻译更好些? the secretary was aware that final decisions must be held open for the president. a、秘书注意到最终决定需要由总统公开。 b、国务卿心中有数,最后的决定必须由总统来作出。
3、【单选题】rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky. 以下翻译中,哪个翻译更好? a、彩虹形成,当阳光透过小水滴在天空中。 b、阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成了彩虹。
4、【单选题】the credit system in america was first adopted by harvard university in 1872. 以下翻译中,哪个翻译更好? a、美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。 b、哈佛大学1872年在美国首先采用学分制。
1、【单选题】英文:it is famous for the fine views here from the summit of the mountain. 译文:从山顶远眺,这儿风景优美,遐迩闻名。 中文译文中用到的是换序译法中的________。 a、主语后置 b、状语前置 c、同位语前置 d、定语后置
2、【单选题】哪个翻译更好些? if he answered honestly, it seemed to tom, his father would be more angry. a、如果他能诚实第回答,看来对于汤姆,他的父亲更生气。 b、汤姆觉得,如果他如实回答,他父亲会更生气。
3、【单选题】哪个翻译更好些? 在那场战争中,这道城墙开始出现许多裂痕。 a、many cracks began to appear on the city wall during that war. b、during that war, the city wall began to show cracks.
5、【多选题】哪个翻译更好些? 子曰:“学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。” a、confucius said: “he who learns without thinking is lost. he who thinks without learning remains puzzled.” b、onfucius said: “learning without thinking is lost. thinking without learning remains puzzled.”
3.3.9section ix part of speech conversion (第九节 词类转换 相得益彰)
1、【单选题】哪种翻译更好些? she is an ardent lover of classical music. a、她酷爱古典音乐。 b、她是古典音乐的热爱者。
2、【单选题】哪种翻译更好些? formality has always characterized their relationship. a、正式是代表了他们的关系。 b、他们之间的关系,有一个特点,那就是以礼相待。
3、【多选题】以下翻译中,用到词类转译法的有: a、is your father a smoker? 你父亲抽烟吗?(名词转换成动词) b、she is a real beauty.她非常漂亮。 (名词转换成形容词) c、we are enemies of all wars. 我们反对一切战争。(名词转换成动词)