chapter 1 philosophy测试11、culture usually refers to a fuzzy set of basic assumptions and values, orientations to life, beliefs, policies, procedures and behavioral conventions that are shared by a group of people, and that influence each member’s behaviour and his/her interpretations of the ‘meaning’of other people’s behaviour.
2、western civilization or occidental culture, usually refers to the heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies that originated in or are associated with europe and america.
3、the word “philosophy" is derived from the greek word “philosophia”, meaning “love of freedom”.
4、philosophy is a form of reflective thinking that critically questions and confronts established beliefs, customs, practices, and institutions of a society.
5、the four paradigmatic philosophers in human history are socrates, confucius, jesus christ and sakyamuni.
6、the axial age refers to a period from 800 b.c. to 200 b.c. in which many great thinkers appeared in persia, india, china and egypt.
7、plato is the father of western philosophy.
8、socrates wrote a lot of influential philosophical books when he was alive.
9、two charges against socraes were his heresy and his corruption of the youth with his teachings.
10、for socrates, true knowledge is unchanging and eternal truth inscribed within one’s soul. opinions, on the other hand, are changeable and offer only temporal views, ideas, and mere beliefs.
11、in about 500 b.c., the classic period of chinese philosophy (known as the contention of a hundred schools of thought) flourished, and the three most influential schools were established. they are confucianism, taoism and mohism.
12、confucius wanted to serve in high office in the hope that he could restore the ancient morality set by the founders of the zhou dynasty (1046–256 bc).
13、after realizing his political ideal in his own state of lu, confucius began to travel from state to state, trying to spread his teachings.
14、confucius influence on china is so great that he was hailed after his death as “the uncrowned king”.
15、in ethics, confucianism advocates the six constant virtues.
16、in politics, confucianism advocates benevolent government.
17、confucius is also the first educator who proposed that " there should be no distinction of classes in teaching".
18、both confucius and socrates put emphasis on virtue and self-improvement.
19、both confucius and socrates would often enlighten his students by directly providing his answers.
20、both confucius and socrates taught their students rather informally and used primarily a conversational style.
chapter 2 history测试21、the name of britain came from a celtic tribe—the britons.
2、the anglo-saxons came to britain in the mide-5th century.
3、the bill of rights granted the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government, which is regarded as the foundation of the british constitutionalism.
4、in 1066, duke william of normandy crossed the channel, defeated the english army at the battle of hastings, thus beginning the norman conquest of england which marked the establishment of feudalism in england.
5、the hundred years’ war was a series of wars fought between england and normans for trade and territory.
6、black death spread through europe in the 14th century, and swept through england in 1348 without any cure, killing half of the population and causing enormous economic losses.
7、the end of the wars of the roses led to the rule of the house of anjou.
8、america was named after amerigo vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after columbus.
9、the second continental congress was held in philadelphia, and the continental army and navy were founded under the command of thomas jefferson.
10、the first english colony in america was founded at boston, massachusetts, in 1607, known as the mother state.
11、the first shots of the american war of independence were fired in lexington.
12、abraham lincoln issued emancipation proclamation to grant freedom to all slaves.
13、in gettysburg address, abraham lincoln said “government of the people by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth”
14、the german air raid on pearl harbour was the direct cause for america’s entrance into the war.
15、president roosevelt applied new deal to deal with the problem of the great depression.
16、pilgrim fathers are a group of puritans who came to america to avoid persecution in england.
17、the first opium war, also known as anglo-chinese war was fought between britain and the qing dynasty of china. it marked the start of the century of humiliation.
18、the direct cause of the first opium war was chinese official seizure of opium stocks at canton to stop the banned opium trade.
19、the qing government adhered to the policy of emphasizing commerce and restraining agriculture, claiming that "commerce is the foundation of all ".
20、under a ban on the sea, officials of qing government were prohibited from going out to sea privately, but the civilians were allowed to conduct foreign trade.
chapter 3 education测试31、in britain the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class.
2、private schools in uk are somewhat confusingly called public schools.
3、the lectures provide the students with a platform for sharing their views on a given topic.
4、for those people who have missed the opportunity for higher education, the open university provides a second chance.
5、admission to british university is by selection based on a-level results.
6、in britain, a master's degree requires three years of full time study
7、there is actually no definite area that can be called campus in oxford and cambridge university.
8、there is a national education system providing uniform standards for schools in all the states of america.
9、religious doctrine can be taught in american public schools.
10、individualized instruction within a classroom is an important idea in american education and "learning by doing" remains a highly respected approach to child development
11、american schools stress the ability of memorization of facts rather than cultivating the students' independent thinking ability.
12、quite a number of american students work part-time during their school years.
13、in the wei and jin period and southern and northern dynasties, actually, local government authorities were given the task of selecting talented candidates, then categorizing them into nine grades depending on their abilities.
14、in ancient china the success of examination candidates was proudly called stepping into the dragon's door.
15、in ming dynasty, the imperial examination system reached its period of full bloom, which consisted of four levels: the county exam, the provincial exam, national exam, and the palace exam.
16、it was later realized that eight-part essay was harmful because it stifled both creativity and imagination.
17、co-educational schools or mixed schools are those schools where both boys and girls are admitted.
18、in us and uk, students beginning in a school are grouped into classes and they remain in those classes for the entire time in that school.
19、classrooms in western schools can be full of lively and engaging discussion, but it's a rude way to disagree with teachers, or challenge them.
20、the western education system allows students to learn at their own pace, through trial and error, gaining experience by dealing with and overcoming problems.
chapter 4 food culture测试41、based on regional feature, chinese cuisines have been divided into eight main schools: shangdong cuisine, sichuan cusine, guangdong cuisine, fujian cusine, jiangsu cusine, zhejiang cuisine, hunan cuisine, and shanxi cuisine.
2、food served on the eve of the lunar new year is usually full of symbolism
3、noodles are the symbol of longevity in chinese culture.
4、there are five features of chinese food culture, they are nutrition, flavor, regionalization, variety and folk custom.
5、shen nong tasted herbs to distinguish the poisonous and edible ones.
6、yi yin admired lao zi for his governing a great nation just like cooking a small delicacy
7、the principle of homology of medicine and food is not used now in china.
8、red boiled eggs are usually cooked and served to celebrate the birth of a new baby.
9、the most popular dish in britain is fish and chips.
10、british afternoon tea is eaten from the top to the bottom.
11、high tea is usually served on high table at 6 p.m. in the living room.
12、pub is short for public house .
13、british people would like to go to the pub to have some drinks, play games and communicate with friends.
14、fast food and carbonated drinks are numerous in america, but there is no drive-in fast food stores.
15、as a nation of immigrants, there are diverse types of food in america.
16、boston is famous for its roast potatoes and blue crabs.
17、the flavor of food in china basically includes sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty.
18、american people favor fast food like burger king, kfc, macdonald’s etc.
19、according to chinese food culture, food is the paramount necessity of people.
20、homology of food and medicine is a principle of chinese food culture, by which the nutrition of food is well perceived through traditional medicinal concept.
chapter 5 festivals测试 51、to understand the origin of chinese festivals, we may first know about the ancient chinese calendar system which is known as the agricultural calendar.
2、some solar terms related festivals have evolved into traditional festivals, such as qingming festival and mid-autumn festival.
3、spring festival or the chinese new year falls on january 1st, and ends on january 15th.
4、tomb sweeping day is on the 15th day from the spring equinox, usually occurring around april 5th of the lunar calendar.
5、the origin of dragon boat festival centers around a scholarly government official named qu yuan, and most widely-accepted customs are eating green glutinous ball and dragon boat race.
6、the formation of the festivals actually has something to do with ancient people's beliefs.
7、the times square ball located high above is lowered at midnight, with a countdown from ten seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower.
8、april fool’s day originated in germany. when the german first adopted the gregorian calendar in 1564, some people continued to use the old calendar to celebrate new year’s day on april 1st, and these people were called april fools.
9、in 1863, abraham lincoln declared the last thursday in november to be thanksgiving day.
10、the first recorded association of valentine's day with romantic love is in parlement of foules by geoffrey chaucer.
11、easter customs vary across the christian world and include decorating easter eggs, egg hunting, and so on, because the egg is a symbol of longevity.
12、it is widely believed that halloween traditions originated from ancient celtic harvest festivals, particularly the gaelic festival samhain.
13、there are various symbols associated with halloween, such as bats, witches, owls, black cats, ghosts, skeletons, the spider and web, scarecrows, vampires, werewolves, haunted houses, and so on.
14、according to “yes, virginia”, there is a santa claus, he exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist. if there were no santa claus, there would be no childlike faith then, no poetry, no romance to make tolerable this existence.
15、in respect of the colors and decorations, during both the spring festival and the christmas season, red and gold are the most typical colors.
16、there are many differences between spring festival and christmas. however, both festivals are a time of warmth and gaiety, love and laughter, hospitality and goodwill.
17、the agricultural civilization is the foundation of most chinese traditional festivals, and expectation for harvest is their origination.
18、a famous chinese saying “the whole year’s work depends on a good starting in spring” reflects that the chinese place so much emphasis on the springtime, and thus qingming festival is treated as such an important festival.
19、influenced by the main concepts of confucianism, the chinese show their feelings and thoughts freely and directly during the festivals.
20、western culture is structured on the foundation of religion. the religion has an intensive impact on western people's life, and the belief in christianity is the source of formation of most western traditional festivals.
chapter 6 literature测试61、both chinese and western literature originated from oral poetry.
2、western tragedies originated from ancient rome.
3、shakespeare is recognized as the summit of the english renaissance.
4、oedipus the king is one of the works of aeschylus, father of tragedies.
5、the iliad is an epic that tells stories about the heroes in the trojan war
6、the odyssey is an epic that tells about achilles’journey back home after the trojan war.
7、literature tends to evolve from prose to poetry.
8、poetry still plays the major role in modern chinese literature.
9、magic realism is a latin-american narrative strategy that includes fantastic or mythical elements into seemingly realistic fictions.
10、the merchant of venice is a famous tragedy by william shakespeare.
11、it is a usual practice for chinese american writers to mix fragments of the chinese literature into their american narratives.
12、toni morrison, the jewish american writer, adopts magic realism in her novel beloved.
13、shakespeare's four “great tragedies”are hamlet, othello, king lear and macbeth.
14、shakespeare's four “great comedies”are a midsummer night’s dream, the merchant of venice, as you like it, and the tempest.
15、in life and death are wearing me out(《生死疲劳》), mo yan adopts the structure of traditional chinese novels by entitling each chapter with a couplet.
16、it is believed that the ancient greek tragedies evolved from the chorus (合唱) on the festivals in honor of apollo.
17、though struggling in vain, oedipus demonstrates his courage, dignity and nobleness as a man in the tragedy oedipus the king.
18、the homeric epics are recognized as the origin of the western literature.
19、freud sees in oedipus the king the hidden human desire in the unconscious and names it oedipus complex.
20、modern readers see shylock's protest against racial discrimination in the merchant of venice.
chapter 7 mythology测试71、myth derives from the greek word mythos, which means “speech, story or tale.”
2、mythology refers to a collection of independent myths.
3、different from greek gods who are mostly independent from each other, chinese gods are interrelated, which compose a big family tree.
4、in greek mythology, zeus was the god of the sky and ruler of the olympian gods.
5、in greek mythology, athena was zeus' wife and sister, the queen of all the gods, the goddess of marriage.
6、in greek mythology, artemis, apollo’s twin sister was the goddess of love, and beauty. her roman counterpart is venus.
7、greek heroes were bigger, braver, and more beautiful than ordinary men and women. in most cases their fathers or grandfathers were gods, but their mothers were mortals, so they were often called demigods (half-gods).
8、achilles was the strongest and most fearless warrior in the greek war against the trojans.
9、the gorgons were horrifyingly ugly monsters who lived at the edge of the world. their hair was made of serpents, and one look from a gorgon's eyes would turn a man to stone.
10、perseus killed gorgon medusa while watching her eyes directly.
11、zeus's jealous wife, hera, punished prometheus to perform twelve seemingly impossible labors.
12、prometheus who stole fire from zeus for human being was punished to be locked to a high rock, with a hungry eagle eating his heart every day.
13、greek heroes were most popular because they were human and because they would exhibit weakness, and make mistakes. these are characteristics that all humans can identify with.
14、cerberus was a huge and powerful three-headed dog owned by poseidon, god of the dead, who guarded the entrance to the underworld.
15、the story of golden apple is about the discord among three gods, which finally resulted in the war of troy.
16、the bible and greek mythology are two cornerstones of western culture
17、english language has been profoundly influenced by greek myths. in english language, trojan horse is referred to as an unexpected computer virus for its hidden danger.
18、in solar system, all the major planets are named after greek gods and goddesses.
19、the creation myths reflect the primitive view of the universe, explain how the heavens and the earth were formed.
20、the greek deities represent the ancient greeks’ ideal of human physical beauty. chinese myths were created in primitive society, when people worshiped all the powerful animals thus imagining gods with features of animals.
chapter 8 art测试81、the four treasures of the study are brush pen, ink stick, ink slab and paper.
2、chinese calligraphy can be generally divided into 7 styles.
3、oracle bone inscriptions are characters scripted onto bronze wares.
4、the bronze inscription appeared from shang to qin dynasty.
5、the seal character is the earliest form written with brush.
6、the official script is often used in seals.
7、the regular script has 8 basic strokes which can be traced in one chinese character-永.
8、the most famous master of running hand is mifu.
9、famous calligraphers of cursive hand are wang xizhi and monk huaisu.
10、traditional chinese painting is also called danqing, dan is for red and qing is for cyan.
11、according to the painting techniques, chinese painting can be divided into gongbi and landscape painting
12、according to the painters, chinese paintings can be divided into scholar painting, court painting and folk painting.
13、chinese calligraphy and painting are inseparable, not only because many great painters are also great calligraphers, but also because they are of the same origin.
14、the most famous masterpiece of running hand is the preface to the orchid pavilion collection by wang xizhi.
15、couplets and tablet are artistic forms of calligraphy in chinese people’s daily life.
16、western sculpture and painting do not have a clear developing line.
17、the pursuit of art in ancient greece is to reappear the beauty of human body.
18、the three great masters of renaissance are da vinci, michelangelo and raphael.
19、literally, the word baroque means “deformed pearl”, being vulgar and disorderly.
20、in the 19th century, impressionist painters are known as people who pursue light in nature.
猜你喜欢
- 2023-10-22 23:32
- 2023-10-22 23:21
- 2023-10-22 23:16
- 2023-10-22 23:11
- 2023-10-22 22:55
- 2023-10-22 22:52
- 2023-10-22 21:39
- 2023-10-22 21:23
- 2023-10-22 21:22
- 2023-10-22 21:07