which of the following is not a frequently discussed design feature?
by we mean language is resouceful because of its duality and recursiveness.
a ccording to lyons, the relation between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary.
the boe-wow theory is a theory on the origin of language.
onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language.
in saussure's view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is .
the features tha t define our human languages can be called features.
by is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of orgnisation.
when language is used to get information from others, it serves an function
the fuction of the sentence "water boils at 100 degree centigrade" is .
when language is use to ger information from others, it serves an informative function.
refers to the role language plays in communication(e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular situations(e.g. religious, legal).
when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintainding social contact rather than exchanging information or dieas, its function is function
the function of the sentence “water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.” is __________.
in chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. which functions does it perform?
study the following dialogue. what function does it play according to the functions of language? — a nice day, isn’t it? — right! i really enjoy the sunlight.
language has many functions. we can use language to talk about itself. this function is __________.
f. de saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a french linguist
a study of the features of the english used in shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
all the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.
one general principle of linguistic ysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.
language has many functions. we can use language to talk about itself. this function is
in any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. this feature is usually termed
which property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation.
language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. this feature is referred to as .
halliday’s three metafunctions of language are .
the study of how words are formed in a language is a branch in linguistics called .
the study of meaning in its context is a branch called .
which branch in linguistics study general meaning? .
the description of a language at some point of time in history is a study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a historical study.
the distinction between langue and parole was made by .
chomsky proposed the distinction between competence and performance. he thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speaker's .
which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
the scope of linguistics covers
the three macrofunctions proposed by halliday are
language is creative because of its duality and its recursiveness
language is creative also because of its potential to create endless sentences.
we human beings can refer to confucius, or the north pole, even though the first has been dead for over 2500 years and the second is situated far away from us. this is due to the desigh feature of creativity.
modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.
modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written, traditional grammarians tended to emphasize the importance of the written word.
chomsky defines performance as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and competence the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
chomsky thinks what linguists should study is the ideal speaker's competence, not his performance, which is too regular to be studied.
langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.
langue is abstract, relatively stable; parole is concrete, and varies from person to person, from situation to situation.
of the two media of communication, that is , speech and writing, modern linguistics regards the latter as the natural or the primary medium of human language.
from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
in modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one.
modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive instead of descriptive.
both phonetics and phonology study speech sounds, therefore, the two terms mean the same.
both syntax and semantics study meaning.
linguistics is the scientific study of language because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
what function does the following dialogue play according to the functions of language? a nice day, isn’t it? right! i really enjoy the sunlight.
the feature of creativity is also termed as
language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. this feature is referred to as .
which property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation.
language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human .
language, broadly speaking, is a means of communication.
linguistics is the scientific study of .
the function of the sentence “water boils at 100 degrees centigrade” is .
in china when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. which function does it perform?
modern linguistics is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
the description of a language as it changes through time is a study.
saussure put forward two important concepts. refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community?
refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances according to chomsky?
applied linguistics deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. is this right?
consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all vowel sounds are .
in english there are a number of , which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
the opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .
which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
what kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
which consonant represents the following description: voiceless alveolar fricative?
which consonant represents the following description:voiced dental fricative?
which vowel represents the following description: front, high, short?
the two words “heart” and “hut” are a minimal pair.
articulatory phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced.
allophones are different phonemes because they occur in different distribution.
according to , when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
all syllables must have a but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
an aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are of the p phoneme.
in phonological ysis the words fail-vail are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/-/v/. this is an example for illustrating .
_____ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.
the distinction of the word class between belief and believe is based on .
stress, tone and intonation are phonological features above single sound segments, these features are called .
consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without .
the phenomenon that sounds continuously show the influence of their neighbors.is referred to as .
allophones are sound variants of a phoneme, they are in distribution, because they never occur in the same context.
_____ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.
speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. these movements have an effect on the coming from the lungs.
consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all vowel sounds are .
the opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .
what kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
what kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
which consonants represent the following description: labiodental fricative?
what are the ways to classify consonants?
when sounds are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.
consonants can be classified into the following : according to manners of articulation.
all syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
consonants differ from vowels in that the formed are articulated without obstruction in the oral cavity.
in phonological ysis the words fail-vail are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/-/v/. the two words are called a minimal pair.
an aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are allophones of the /p/ phoneme.
assimilation refers to the phenomenon of sounds continuously showing the influence of their neighbors.
the distinction of the word class between belief and believe is based on .
which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
the qualities of vowels depend upon the and the lips.
consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing .
consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without .
according to , when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
the abstract unit underlying the allest unit in the lexical system of a language is termed lexeme, what is the lexeme of the words: writes, writing, wrote, written?
which type of words has ordered and regular series of grammatically different forms?
which type of words expresses grammatical meanings?
which type of words has new members?
which branch of linguistics studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed?
the allest meaning-bearing unit is a morpheme. how many morphemes are there in the word sunshine?
which morpheme is not an inflectional morpheme?
which morpheme is not a bound one?
which affix is not an inflectional affix?
which morphemes are bound?
which morphemes are bound?
which are compound words?
inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as .
in the following derivatioal words, whose word classes are changed?
in the following derivatioal words, whose word classes are not changed?
which words are formed by blending?
which words are formed by clipping?
which types of word forms become shorter?
which tpyes of words become longer?
all words may be said to contain a root morpheme.
a single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, therefore, they are identical.
the way to join two separate words to produce a single form is called compounding.
a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. roots are always free.
affixes may be ided into inflectional and derivational types.
derivational affixes might or might not change the word class of the word they attach to.
inflectional affixes might or might not change the word class of the word they attach to.
a derivational affix serves to derive a new word when it is added to another morpheme.
compounds are poly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes: sunflower, babysit, into.
grammatical words express grammatical meanings; conjunctions, prep, articles, and pronouns.
invariable words have ordered and regular series of grammatically different forms.
open class words are mostly variable words.
_________ is an unusually abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.
aids is formed by joining the initial letters of the phrase acquired immune deficiency syndrome, this tpye of word formation is called .
flu is formed by utting both the initial and final parts of the word influenza accordingly, this type of word formation is called
______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
bound morphemes are classified into two types: derivational and _______ morphemes.
lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with ___.
a all set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to ____ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belong to _____ class.
a word formed by derivation is called a derivative, and a word formed by compounding is called a _________.
the stem of disagreements is _____.
the words like comsat and sitcom are formed by ______.
the sequential arrangement of words in a language is called_____.
relation of substitutability is also called ____________.
which structure does not contain a subordinate structure？
which structure contains a subordinate structure?
which one is a finite clause?
which branch of linguistics studies sentences？
____________ is the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).
___________ is a grammatical category used for the ysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural, etc.
______________ refers to the process where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. the sentences made up in this way can be understood as instances of coordination.
which sentence is a sva?
syntactic relations include _______________.
which sentences are complex sentences?
which sentences contain relative clauses?
non-finite clauses include __________.
______________ are means to extend sentences.
relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
paradigmatic relations can also be called vertical relations
the sentence the girl ate the apple has two immediate constituents: the girl and ate the apple.
endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents
in exocentric construction t;here is a head inside the group of words.
predicate includes constituents such as verb, object, complement, etc.
subject may refer to the “receiver” or “goal” of an action.
the sentence "he changed trains at fengtai" does not have an object.
subject may be the topic of a sentence, the topic is always the grammatical subject.
words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. this relation is called ____________.
there are two ways of ic ysis: tree diagram and ____________.
__________ is a common syntactic pattern in english formed by grouping two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but and or.
what is the head in the phrase a huge moon?
some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, or. such phrases are called ____________ structures.
in the sentence "the best thing would be to leave early", what is a non-finite clause?
in the sentence "it's great for a man to be free", what is a non-finite clause?
in the sentence "filled with shame, he left the house", what is a non-finite clause?
in the sentence "do you mind my opening the window?", what is a non-finite clause?
in the sentence "all our savings gone, we started looking for jobs", what is a non-finite clause?
in the sentence "it's no use crying over spilt milk", what is a non-finite clause?
the processes which involve the change of the category is called ____________.