1、communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. the first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. the fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to finding. jeff hancock of cornell university in ithaca, new york, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. in it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. he found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls. his results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in vienna, austria, in april, have surprised psychologists. some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication. but hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. people appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. this is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone. people are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says hancock. he found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “do you like my dress?” hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. for instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. but, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email. 1. hancock’s study focuses on ________. a、 a) the consequences of lying in various communications media b、 b) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas c、 c) people are less likely to lie in instant messages d、 d) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
2、hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________. a、 a) people are less likely to lie in instant messages b、 b) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions c、 c) people are most likely to lie in email communication d、 d) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations
3、 3. according to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication? a、 a) they are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies. b、 b) they believe that honesty is the best policy. c、 c) they tend to be relaxed when using those media. d、 d) they are most practised at those forms of communication.
4、 4. according to hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________. a、 a) salesmen can talk directly to their customers b、 b) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate c、 c) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy d、 d) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively
5、it can be inferred from the passage that ________. a、 a) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications b、 b) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees c、 c) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes d、 d) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company
（18级）unit 1 section a 测验
1、questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. as a person who writes about food and drink for a living, i couldn't tell you the first thing about bill perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. but i can tell you that i like this guy. that's because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage. i hate tipping. i hate it because it's an obligation disguised as an option. i hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. but mostly, i hate tipping because i believe i would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry. most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. research suggests otherwise. you actually love tipping! you like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes. no matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system. one argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you. well, if this were true, we would all be slipping a few 100-dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. but as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this: in one poll, a full 30% said they didn't believe the job they did had any impact on the tips they received. so come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. pay a little more upfront for your beer or burger. support bill perry's pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn't ask you to do drunken math. 1. what can we learn about bill perry from the passage? a、he runs a pub that serves excellent beer. b、he intends to get rid of the tipping practice. c、he gives his staff a considerable sum for tips. d、he lives comfortably without getting any tips.
2、2. what is the main reason why the author hates tipping? a、it sets a bad example for other industries. b、it adds to the burden of ordinary customers. c、it forces the customer to compensate the waiter. d、it poses a great challenge for customers to do math.
3、3. why do many people love tipping according to the author? a、they help improve the quality of the restaurants they dine in. b、they believe waiters deserve such rewards for good service. c、they want to preserve a wonderful tradition of the industry. d、they can have some say in how much their servers earn.
4、4. what have some waiters come to realize according to a survey? a、service quality has little effect on tip size. b、it is in human nature to try to save on tips. c、tips make it more difficult to please customers. d、tips benefit the boss rather than the employees.
5、5. what does the author argue for in the passage? a、restaurants should calculate the tips for customers. b、customers should pay more tips to help improve service. c、waiters deserve better than just relying on tips for a living. d、waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.
6、questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. in the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down, even as oil prices sink lower and lower. does that mean the link between lower oil prices and growth has weakened? some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the world economy. consumers have more money in their pockets when they're paying less at the pump. they spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy. the biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like china, japan, and india. but doesn't the extra money in the pockets of those countries' consumers mean an equal loss in oil-producing countries, cancelling out the gains? not necessarily, say economic researcher sara johnson. " many oil producers built up huge reserve funds when prices were high, so when prices fall they will draw on their reserves to support government spending and subsidies(补贴)for their consumers. " but not all oil producers have big reserves. in venezuela, collapsing oil prices have sent its economy into free-fall. economist carl weinberg believes the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming the positive effects of cheaper oil. the implication is a sharp decline in global trade, which has plunged partly because oil-producing nations can't afford to import as much as they used to. sara johnson acknowledges that the global economic benefit from a fall in oil prices today is likely lower than it was in the past. one reason is that more countries are big oil producers now, so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy. consumers, in the u. s. at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they're getting at the gas pump, as the memory of the recent great recession is still fresh in their mind. and a number of oil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings for global consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest. 6. what does the author mainly discuss in the passage? a、the reasons behind the plunge of oil prices. b、possible ways to stimulate the global economy. c、the impact of cheap oil on global economic growth. d、the effect of falling oil prices on consumer spending.
7、7. why do some experts believe cheap oil will stimulate the global economy? a、manufacturers can produce consumer goods at a much lower cost. b、lower oil prices have always given a big boost to the global economy. c、oil prices may rise or fall but economic laws are not subject to change. d、consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.
8、8. what happens in many oil-exporting countries when oil prices go down? a、they suspend import of necessities from overseas. b、they reduce production drastically to boost oil prices. c、they use their money reserves to back up consumption. d、they try to stop their economy from going into free-fall.
9、9. how does carl weinberg view the current oil price plunge? a、it is one that has seen no parallel in economic history. b、its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects. c、it still has a chance to give rise to a boom in the global economy. d、its effects on the global economy go against existing economic laws.
10、10. why haven't falling oil prices boosted the global economy as they did before? a、people are not spending all the money they save on gas. b、the global economy is likely to undergo another recession. c、oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy. d、people the world over are afraid of a further plunge in oil prices.
（18级）unit 1 life and logic
（18级）unit 1 section b 测验
1、questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. the phrase almost completes itself; midlife crisis. it's the stage in the middle of the journey when people feel youth vanishing, their prospects narrowing and death approaching. there's only one problem with the cliche (套话). it isn't true. "in fact, there is almost no hard evidence for midlife crisis other than a few small pilot studies conducted decades ago," barbara hagerty writes in her new book, life reimagined. the bulk of the research shows that there may be a pause, or a shifting of gears in the 40 s or 50 s, but this shift "can be exciting, rather than terrifying". barbara hagerty looks at some of the features of people who turn midlife into a rebirth. they break routines, because "autopilot is death". they choose purpose over happiness—having a clear sense of purpose even reduces the risk of alzheimer's disease. they give priority to relationships, as careers often recede (逐渐淡化). life reimagined paints a picture of middle age that is far from gloomy. midlife seems like the second big phase of decision-making. your identity has been formed; you've built up your resources; and now you have the chance to take the big risks precisely because your foundation is already secure. karl barth described midlife precisely this way. at middle age, he wrote, "the sowing is behind; now is the time to reap. the run has been taken; now is the time to leap. preparation has been made; now is the time for the venture of the work itself." the middle-aged person, barth continued, can see death in the distance, but moves with a "measured haste" to get big new things done while there is still time. what barth wrote decades ago is even truer today. people are healthy and energetic longer. we have presidential candidates running for their first term in office at age 68, 69 and 74. a longer lifespan is changing the narrative structure of life itself. what could have been considered the beginning of a descent is now a potential turning point—the turning point you are most equipped to take full advantage of. 1. what does the author think of the phrase "midlife crisis"? a、it has led to a lot of debate. b、it is widely acknowledged. c、it is no longer fashionable. d、it misrepresents real life.
2、how does barbara hagerty view midlife? a、it may be the beginning of a crisis. b、it can be a new phase of one's life. c、it can be terrifying for the unprepared. d、it may see old-age diseases approaching.
3、how is midlife pictured in the book life reimagined？ a、it can be quite rosy. b、it can be burdensome. c、it undergoes radical transformation. d、it makes for the best part of one's life.
4、according to karl barth, midlife is the time___________. a、to relax b、to mature c、to harvest d、to reflect
5、what does the author say about midlife today? a、it is more meaningful than other stages of life. b、it is likely to change the narrative of one's life. c、it is more important to those with a longer lifespan. d、it is likely to be a critical turning point in one's life.
6、questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. in spring, chickens start laying again, bringing a welcome source of protein at winter's end. so it's no surprise that cultures around the world celebrate spring by honoring the egg. some traditions are simple, like the red eggs that get baked into greek easter breads. others elevate the egg into a fancy art, like the heavily jewel-covered "eggs" that were favored by the russians starting in the 19th century. one ancient form of egg art comes to us from ukraine. for centuries, ukrainians have been drawing complicated patterns on eggs. contemporary artists have followed this tradition to create eggs that speak to the anxieties of our age; life is precious, and delicate. eggs are, too. "there's something about their delicate nature that appeals to me," says new yorker cartoonist roz chast. several years ago, she became interested in eggs and learned the traditional ukrainian technique to draw her very modern characters. "i've broken eggs at every stage of the process—from the very beginning to the very, very end." but there's an appeal in that vulnerability. "there's part of this sickening horror of knowing you're walking on the edge with this, that i kind of like, knowing that it could all fall apart at any second." chast's designs, such as a worried man alone in a tiny rowboat, reflect that delicateness. traditional ukrainian decorated eggs also spoke to those fears. the elaborate patterns were believed to offer protection against evil. "there's an ancient legend that as long as these eggs are made, evil will not prevail in the world," says joan brander, a canadian egg-painter who has been painting eggs for over 60 years, having learned the art from her ukrainian relatives. the tradition, dating back to 300 b. c., was later incorporated into the christian church. the old symbols, however, still endure. a decorated egg with a bird on it, given to a young married couple, is a wish for children. a decorated egg thrown into the field would be a wish for a good harvest. 6 why do people in many cultures prize the egg? a、it is a welcome sign of the coming of spring. b、it is their major source of protein in winter. c、it can easily be made into a work of art. d、it can bring wealth and honor to them.
7、what do we learn about the decorated "eggs" in russia? a、they are shaped like jewel cases. b、they are cherished by the rich. c、they are heavily painted in red. d、they are favored as a form of art.
8、why have contemporary artists continued the egg art tradition? a、eggs serve as an enduring symbol of new life. b、eggs have an oval shape appealing to artists. c、eggs reflect the anxieties of people today. d、eggs provide a unique surface to paint on.
9、why does chast enjoy the process of decorating eggs? a、she never knows if the egg will break before the design is completed. b、she can add multiple details to the design to communicate her idea. c、she always derives great pleasure from designing something new. d、she is never sure what the final design will look like until the end.
10、what do we learn from the passage about egg-painting? a、it originated in the eastern part of europe. b、it has a history of over two thousand years. c、it is the most time-honored form of fancy art. d、it is especially favored as a church decoration.
（18级）unit 4 nature: to worship or to conquer
（18级）unit 4 section a -test
1、长篇阅读匹配（unit 4） talking rubbish a. the stretch of the pacific between hawaii and california is virtually empty. there are no islands, no shipping lanes, no human presence for thousands of miles—just sea, sky, and rubbish. the prevailing currents cause flotsam (水面漂浮物) from around the world to accumulate in a vast becalmed patch of ocean. in places, there are a million pieces of plastic per square kilometer. that can mean as much as 112 times more plastic than plankton (浮游生物), the first link in the marine food chain. all this adds up to perhaps 100 million tonnes of floating garbage, and more is arriving every day. b. wherever people have been—and some places where they have not—they have left waste behind. litter lines the world's roads; dumps dot the landscape; slurry and sewage slosh into rivers and streams. up above, thousands of fragments of defunct spacecraft careen (猛冲) through space, and occasionally more debris is produced by collisions such as the one that destroyed an american satellite in mid-february. ken noguchi, a japanese mountaineer, estimates that he has collected nine tonnes of rubbish from the slopes of mount qomolangma during five clean-up expeditions. there is still plenty left. c. the average westerner produces over 500kg of municipal waste a year—and that is only the most obvious portion of the rich world's discards. in britain, for example, municipal waste from households and businesses makes up just 24 percent of the total. in addition, both developed and developing countries generate vast quantities of construction and demolition debris, industrial effluent, mine tailings, sewage residue, and agricultural waste. extracting enough gold to make a typical wedding ring, for example, can generate three tonnes of mining waste. d. rubbish may be universal, but it is little studied and poorly understood. nobody knows how much of it the world generates or what it does with it. in many rich countries, and most poor ones, only the patchiest of records are kept. that may be understandable: by definition, waste is something its owner no longer wants or takes much interest in. e. ignorance spawns (引起) scares, such as the fuss surrounding new york's infamous garbage barge, which in 1987 sailed the atlantic for six months in search of a place to dump its load, giving many americans the false impression that their country's landfills had run out of space. it also makes it hard to draw up sensible policies: just think of the endless debate about whether recycling is the only way to save the planet—or an expensive waste of time. f. rubbish can cause all sorts of problems. it often stinks, attracts vermin, and creates eyesores. more seriously, it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned. it is the source of almost four percent of the world's greenhouse gases, mostly in the form of methane from rotting food—and that does not include all the methane generated by animal slurry and other farm waste. and then there are some really nasty forms of industrial waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, for which no universally accepted disposal methods have thus far been developed. g. yet many also see waste as an opportunity. getting rid of it all has become a huge global business. rich countries spend some $120 billion a year disposing of their municipal waste alone and another $150 billion on industrial waste, according to cyclope, a french research institute. the amount of waste that countries produce tends to grow in tandem with their economies, and especially with the rate of urbanization. so waste firms see a rich future in places such as india and brazil, which at present spend only about $5 billion a year collecting and treating their municipal waste. h. waste also presents an opportunity in a grander sense: as a potential resource. much of it is already burned to generate energy. clever new technologies to turn it into fertilizer or chemicals or fuel are being developed all the time. visionaries see a future in which things like household rubbish and pig slurry will provide the fuel for cars and homes, doing away with the need for dirty fossil fuels. others imagine a world without waste, with rubbish being routinely recycled. as bruce parker, the head of the national solid wastes management association (nswma), an american industry group, puts it, "why fish bodies out of the river when you can stop them jumping off the bridge?" i. until last summer such views were spreading quickly. entrepreneurs were queuing up to scour rubbish for anything that could be recycled. there was even talk of mining old landfills to extract steel and aluminum cans. and waste that could not be recycled should at least be used to generate energy, the evangelists argued. a brave new wasteless world seemed within reach. j. but since then plummeting (骤跌的) prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have put an end to such visions. many of the recycling firms that had argued rubbish was on the way out now say that unless they are given financial help, they themselves will disappear. k. subsidies are a bad idea. governments have a role to play in the business of waste management, but it is a regulatory and supervisory one. they should oblige people who create waste to clean up after themselves and ideally ensure that the price of any product reflects the cost of disposing of it safely. that would help to signal which items are hardest to get rid of, giving consumers an incentive to buy goods that create less waste in the first place. l. that may sound simple enough, but governments seldom get the rules right. in poorer countries they often have no rules at all, or if they have them they fail to enforce them. in rich countries they are often inconsistent: too strict about some sorts of waste and worryingly lax about others. they are also prone to imposing arbitrary targets and taxes. california, for example, wants to recycle all its trash not because it necessarily makes environmental or economic sense but because the goal of "zero waste" sounds politically attractive. britain, meanwhile, has started taxing landfills so heavily that local officials, desperate to find an alternative, are investing in all manner of unproven waste-processing technologies. m. as for recycling, it is useless to urge people to salvage (挽救) stuff for which there are no buyers. if firms are passing up easy opportunities to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by re-using waste, then governments have set the price of emissions too low. they would do better to deal with that problem directly than to try to regulate away the repercussions (间接影响). at the very least, governments should make sure there are markets for the materials they want collected. n. this special report will argue that, by and large, waste is being better managed than it was. the industry that deals with it is becoming more efficient, the technologies are getting more effective and the pollution it causes is being controlled more tightly. in some places less waste is being created in the first place. but progress is slow because the politicians who are trying to influence what we discard and what we keep often make a mess of it. 1. people in both wealthy and poor countries know little about how much rubbish is generated and how it is disposed of.
2、rubbish not only does harm to soil, water, and air, but also produces nearly four percent of the world's greenhouse gases.
3、human beings have left behind rubbish not only in places they have ever been, but also where they have not, including the outer space.
4、the goal to recycle all the trash in california is more for political purpose than for environmental or economic benefit.
5、some people picture a future world where rubbish will be turned into clean energy to replace fossil fuels.
6、until now, there have been no globally accepted ways to dispose of some industrial waste like waste nuclear fuel.
7、on the whole, progress is being made in the management of waste, and in some places less waste is being generated.
8、it is very difficult to draft reasonable and practical policies due to people's lack of knowledge about rubbish.
9、governments should regulate and supervise the business of waste management rather than subsidize the recycling firms.
10、families and businesses in britain only generate less than one-third of the total municipal waste.
（18级）unit 4 section b -test
1、长篇阅读匹配（unit 2） why too much togetherness can ruin retirement a. looking for the secret to a successful retirement with your partner? try watching two children in a sandbox—a boy playing with toy trucks and a girl using a pail and shovel to build sand castles. chances are good that the toddlers will be quite content. they'll be next to each other, or moving farther apart; silent at times, and babbling to themselves or each other at other times. they will no doubt resolve minor disagreements if they occur—whereas they would probably be fighting if they tried to play with the same toy in that sandbox. it's a phenomenon called parallel play—two individuals engrossed (全神贯注的) in separate but parallel activities. and it might hold the key to happiness in later life. b. eight years ago, i wrote a book about the challenges that partners can expect to face when planning for and living together during retirement. in the time since, i have seen thousands of couples in connection with speeches, seminars, therapy sessions, and email / mail / phone encounters. one issue has become abundantly clear: individuals who do almost everything together in later life—who are "joined at the hip"—usually aren't as satisfied or fulfilled as couples where spouses have their own interests and, ideally, are learning new skills. c. that idea, of course, clashes with the traditional view of retirement, where togetherness has long been seen as a virtue. but then, women and men entering or thinking about retirement in 2013 have lived dramatically different lives compared with those of their parents and grandparents. d. women aged 50 and older have been through "women's lib," have entered the workforce in large numbers, have held responsible volunteer positions, have sometimes had to support their husband and kids, and have planned their future by thinking more about pensions and 401(k)s than about constant togetherness. most men aged 50-plus have worked with women and have learned to respect them, have come to see wives as partners more than underlings (下属), and have come to value and want a partner with an equal voice in decision-making. (they may have even learned to cook and clean a little.) e. in general, spouses in their 50s and 60s are much more adventurous than previous generations have been, as well as much more independent and comfortable with change. they have fewer rules about everything. they are less judgmental, and more accepting of people who are different from the norm. it should be no surprise, then, that couples in retirement are becoming less tied to each other, and more interested in parallel play. that model meets our needs for both freedom and involvement and is quickly becoming the system in which many older adults are thriving. here's a closer look at how parallel play can benefit both partners in a relationship. f. dinner conversations are much more interesting. isn't it sad how many older couples eat silently in restaurants? they seem to have nothing to talk about. (and smartphones are no better excuse for older couples than they are for young ones!) most of us would rather sit next to an arguing couple than a detached, uninterested one. it's fun to eavesdrop on a couple who compete about who had the more interesting day or who ask each other lots of questions about their activities. they seem so much more alive than the quiet ones. g. it is reassuring to know that both of you can function independently—because one of you will probably have to someday. it's important that both of you can pay bills, handle investments, manage property, keep friends, drive well, and travel independently, because one of you may eventually have to do these things alone. and, whether or not we'll ever be alone, we seem hard-wired to crave same-gender friendship and companionship. it obviously fills a need that cannot be satisfied any other way. how can either men or women resent this need in their partner? h. space and some time alone can be a wonderfully satisfying tonic for the soul. who are you? what do you want out of life? do you have a "bucket list"? what are your precious, enduring passions as well as your new ones? the answers to these questions will contribute significantly to a happy life, but only time and space for introspection (自省) will get you there. i. finding that "separateness" shouldn't be difficult. the concept of a "man cave"—or the female equivalent—makes a lot of sense for many people. others look outside the home: a class, volunteer commitments, spending time with a sick friend, baby-sitting grandchildren, and dozens of other activities allow partners to be in different places. and then there are those who take the easiest route: candor (坦率). they simply acknowledge that, periodically, they enjoy time apart. j. challenging yourself, even if you fail, usually brings new confidence and pride to both partners. change and challenge are never easy, but they are usually rewarding for both you and your partner. they make you stronger and more interesting—to yourself and your friends and family, as well as to your partner. for example, learning a new language will keep those brain synapses (突触) firing well—or learning new computer skills, or learning about other cultures to which you might travel, or joining a current-events discussion group. getting involved in local or national politics can be very stimulating. delivering meals to shut-ins can be both educational and gratifying. learning a new sport like golf, or lowering your handicap, can be challenging and fun. even when one's partner is temporarily a bit threatened because you are away so much or meeting new people, there is usually pride in your accomplishments, too. it feels good for both of you to know that old dogs can learn new tricks. k. absence often does make the heart grow fonder; couples usually enjoy each other more after they have had some time apart. whether partners live in different cities part of the time or just spend a few hours apart, they usually appreciate each other more when they are together. they take each other for granted less; they probably communicate better; and they usually have a stronger bond of both physical and emotional intimacy because they have a greater appreciation of each other as capable, separate, interesting people. l. parallel play in a partnership does not suggest extreme emotional separation from each other. if you want to have total freedom, you probably need to examine your motivation. if you have little or no interest in your partner, are you extremely selfish? narcissistic (自恋的)? are you unable or unwilling to share? might you benefit from psychotherapy—either alone or with your mate? might you really want a divorce? at the other end of the continuum, if you want to be "joined at the hip," are you too needy or insecure to manage your life separately at least some of the time? if you crave total attention from your mate, aren't you stifling development for both of you? haven't you learned it is foolhardy (鲁莽的) to be depressed or jealous if your partner wants to do things alone or with others because those activities can benefit you, too? m. your mate's interests can make your life fuller when he or she talks about them; you learn something new that way, too. furthermore, this gives you time to develop your own interests. your partner's independence allows you to concentrate on things you really care about and obtain rewards in your own way. a parallel arrangement forces you to make decisions that are right for only you, without being overly concerned about how your actions will affect others. in short, this pattern gives you both roots and wings. it allows you to grow. it promotes the major task for this stage of life: becoming as whole as you can be. 1. parallel play means neither complete emotional separation nor total attention from each other.
2、parallel play interests many couples in retirement in that it provides them with both freedom and involvement.
3、parallel play allows couples in retirement to develop and share their own interests, in return making each other's life fuller.
4、parallel play is a phenomenon in which two people are concentrated on separate but similar activities, just like two kids playing in a sandbox.
5、it is depressing that many older couples keep quiet as they eat out.
6、it's time and space for self-reflection that is the key to a happy life.
7、women at the age of 50 or older are an indispensable part of the workforce.
8、learning a new sport like golf can be a rewarding challenge for both partners.
9、couples who have their interests respectively may enjoy their later life better than those who do almost everything together.
10、it's people's natural ability to desire same-gender friendship and companionship.
（18级）unit 3 being entrepreneurial
（18级）unit 3 section a -test
1、长篇阅读匹配（unit 3） corporate culture instilled online a. at its most basic, the internet is a wonderful way to communicate. hit that "send" button and off goes the email to everybody in the firm and beyond. no wonder companies find it a perfect way to talk to their staff. no wonder it is so useful—but also so dangerous—when staff want to talk to each other. b. over and over again, the internet's uses turn out to go beautifully with current trends. as companies become more fragmented and their workers more geographically dispersed, managers need a way to rally the troops. in particular, they need a way to build a corporate culture: that intangible something that binds employees together and teaches them to understand instinctively the defining qualities of the business and the appropriate way to respond to any issue that confronts them. the internet provides the means to do this. c. in a stable, slow-growing, and well-established company, a common culture may be easy to maintain. but few companies today can afford to be stable or slow-growing. instability and speed make culture-creation harder. in many companies, for instance, the sales or the maintenance people rarely come into the office. a quarter of ibm's workforce, for instance, is now mobile—they spend at least 80 percent of their time off-site, usually working from home or on the road. key people may be based in key markets abroad, a day's air travel away from the main office. d. you need also consider mergers (公司合并), which create a need to persuade a new bunch of employees to abandon one corporate creed for another. as companies outsource (外包) more and more activities, too, they look for ways to teach their subcontractors to share their values. and the faster things change, the more important it becomes to explain to employees what is happening, and why. e. how to do it? "in a rapidly changing and geographically distributed organization," says michael morris, a social psychologist at stanford's graduate school of business, "you don't have the option of the drink after work." but you do have the internet. more than any previous technology, it allows companies to ensure that every employee has access to the corporate news, views, and vision. f. some companies use it to teach their employees (as well as suppliers and customers) their ethical code. boeing, for instance, offers an online "ethics challenge" where employees can test their moral instincts on such delicate issues as "acceptance of business courtesies" and "the minister drops a hint." such applications are a way to spread a common approach throughout an organization. g. the internet is also a way for bosses to tell staff where they want the business to go. for example, at ford, which claims to have the world's largest intranet, 170,000 staff around the world are emailed a weekly "let's chat" note from jac nasser, the chief executive. a purpose-built newsroom maintains a website upgraded several times a day, and available to ford's employees around the world. h. not only does the internet allow managers to talk to their staff; it lets them track whether the staff are at least pretending to listen. william nuti, president of europe, the middle east, and africa for cisco systems, a high-tech giant, produces a monthly video to send to his staff explaining where the business is going. what happens if the staff don't choose to watch? well, the internet allows you to track who opens an email and when. "i know everyone who clicks on it, and those who throw it away, and i make phone calls to people, saying it's important you watch this." unsurprisingly, mr. nuti's viewing figures are high. i. but all this communication from on high can sometimes cause problems. sap, a german business-software giant, is another company with an elaborate communications system. it allows material to be broadcast on the car radios of workers on the road, for example. the company found that middle managers objected to the chairman emailing all employees. their authority had rested partly on their role as a source of information, and without it they felt exposed. as so often with internet-driven changes, the implications of what appeared to be a simple, time-saving innovation turned out to be more complex and politically sensitive. that sensitivity becomes more acute as communications become increasingly bottom-up as well as top-down. at siemens, a large german company, chittur ramakrishnan, the chief information officer, has noticed a "very significant number of emails to top management. the idea of going through a secretary to get an appointment has changed. people can send emails to anyone and expect a response. it is very democratizing." j. despite all these, companies find all sorts of routine tasks can be done online with greater efficiency and less expense. as a result, "b2e"—business-to-employee—applications are flourishing. they may be the biggest growth area for internet applications over the next couple of years. they include many tasks involving staff matters, the creation of an internal job market, and training. one of the strengths of the internet over previous systems is that it can be used to provide services to everyone in a company. k. a growing number of companies now have a "corporate portal": a centralized home page with links to various services and items of information to attract the staff to keep looking in. click, and there is a map of each floor of the office; click again, and there are photographs and personal details about who sits where. elsewhere on the page there may be links to the online services of the human resources department, or the day's news clippings (剪报), or a page allowing workers to order office supplies or find telephone numbers. l. the good thing about such pages is that they are accessible not only to employees in head office, but also to people in distant subsidiaries, on the road, or at home. increasingly, employees can personalize their page, so that if they are working in the marketing department they do not receive a flood of news clippings on irrelevant subjects. companies with lots of old computer systems can use the home page as the entrance to a network designed to pull all the old systems together. m. next, there is the prospect of turning the corporate workforce into a marketplace. it is an advertiser's dream: a stable group of people with regular pay and a known employer. why not, for instance, offer a link from the page that informs an employee of her holiday entitlements to a travel company with which the company already does corporate business, and which will offer discounts on leisure travel? why not charge local restaurants for the occasional advertisement? n. indeed, this is already starting to happen. for instance, exult, a consultancy to which bp subcontracts much of its human resources work, is discussing just such a proposition with companies offering financial services. but how will businesses feel about encouraging their staff to hunt for a home loan when they should be finishing a presentation? alan little, exult's head of global client relationships, replies robustly that, if employees can work from home at the weekend on their company laptop, then surely they should be allowed to book their holidays from the office on a weekday. they should be judged by results. 1. the internet does a better job than any other technology in helping employees get the news and views of their organizations.
2、employees can find information or services of their interest by following the links on the home page of the company.
3、emails from chairman sent directly to all staff may meet with opposition from middle managers.
4、the internet provides companies with a way to establish a corporate culture that unites their employees.
5、the internet allows the employers to let their staff know the development direction of their companies.
6、it is more difficult for many companies to create and maintain a common culture as their employees are becoming more mobile.
7、employees will hopefully become customers of services or products advertised on the home page of the company.
8、managers are able to know whether their staff are listening to or watching what they have sent to the staff online.
9、the booming applications of business to employee result from the improved efficiency and lower costs of performing daily tasks online.
10、the home page of a company can be used as an entrance to a network integrating all old computer systems.
（18级）unit 3 section b -test
1、长篇阅读匹配（unit 1） text a little less and think a little more a. a recent nielsen report shows that children aged 13 to 17 average an astonishing 3,417 text messages a month—some 45 percent of all text messages. this breaks down to seven texts every waking hour, or roughly one every eight-and-a-half minutes. but those who look at this data and worry that young people are over-texting may be asking the wrong question. the more pertinent (直接相关的) concern may be not the amount, but the function. many observers argue that the social world of teenagers and even young adults is nowadays largely constituted by text messaging. b. maybe so. certainly a principal reason cited by many teens for their use of texting is that it is fun. in some surveys, young people reported that they prefer texting to conversation. and "prefer" may be too weak a word. many young people, when not allowed to text, become anxious and uneasy. c. in recent years, there has been no shortage of reports on television about researchers who say they have found teens addicted to their mobile phones. perhaps a better way to view the data is as an illustration of how mobile phones in general, and texting in particular, have taken over the experiential world of the young. an economist might expect that teens deprived of texting would simply substitute another method of communication—talking, for instance. as it turns out, a significant minority will not. they will behave instead, researchers report, the way people do when deprived of human contact. d. texting allows the young to create their own world. e. the phone, in other words, is not merely a tool through which teens keep in touch with friends. it is the technology that defines their social circle. if they cannot text someone, that person may as well not exist. f. still, i am not criticizing the technology itself. like most people of all ages these days, i find texting far too convenient to ignore—although, to be sure, my usual quota is two or three texts a day, not seven an hour. g. the trouble is that texting arose suddenly, not gradually. originally included in mobile phones as a tool to enable service providers to spam their customers, it actually came to the us later than most of the industrialized world. david mercer, in his 2006 book the telephone: the life story of a technology, suggests that the popularity of the practice rose sharply when viewers were urged to text their votes for the winner on such television programs as american idol. this break from past practice was so radical that adults had no opportunity to work out from their own experience reasonable bounds for the young. and so the young, unbounded, freely created their own world, from which the old are largely excluded. h. fears of what young people might be like if left free to design the world have long been with us: think lord of the flies, a clockwork orange, or "children of the corn." that imponderable (难以判断的事物) i leave for others to weigh. i don't believe that over-texting will create dangerous psychopaths (精神病患者). but it might create something else. i. heavy texting has been linked to sleep deprivation among the young, evidently because they somehow feel compelled to respond, even in the middle of the night. researchers have found correlations between texting and everything from illiteracy to overeating. a 2006 study by james e. katz, perhaps the leading academic expert on mobile phone use, has found that young people have trouble giving up their phones, even for a short time. most were unable to make it through a two-day experiment designed to discover what they would do without their phones. texting crowds out other activities j. on the other hand, if used in moderation, texting might help demolish (彻底破坏) the weird and unmannerly etiquette of the mobile phone, in which, for no reason but the technology's existence, it is the recipient of the call who is somehow required to make an excuse if not free to answer. texting harks back to (类似于) an earlier, less demanding model of communication, in which response was at the convenience of the respondent. it was, and is, known as letter writing. k. there may actually be advantages in the use of phones for a purpose other than conversation. the proliferation of phone apps may help children learn. (it may also lead to a new digital divide between those with lots of apps on their phones and those without.) and for those who are worried that constant mobile phone use by the young might lead to cancer, or perhaps glucose (葡萄糖) absorption in the brain, texting—in which the phone is nowhere near the ear—is obviously an improvement. l. the larger problem with texting involves neither the physical nor the mental health of our growing army of young texters. my worry is that the ubiquity (无所不在) of texting may accelerate the decline of what our struggling democracy most needs: independent thought. indeed, as texting crowds out other activities, it must inevitably crowd out inactivity—and there lies a danger. for inactivity and thinking are inextricably (紧密相连) linked. m. by inactivity, i mean doing nothing that occupies the mind: time spent in reflection. bertrand russell wrote a marvelous essay on this subject, titled "in praise of idleness" (also the title of the collection in which the essay is most readily found). russell's point is that when the rest of the world thinks we are idle, the brain, if properly trained, is following its own path. only then, he contends, are we truly thinking. the rest of the time we are analyzing and reacting, but our thoughts are then determined by responses to the thoughts of others. unless we spend time in reflection—in idleness—we can never truly think thoughts of our own. n. already we live in an era when there is little time for idle thinking. whether in the storms of political argument or the hyperkinetic (运动过度的) pace of the workplace, we are called upon constantly to respond rather than reflect. the education of the young, increasingly built around the rapid-fire model of the standardized test, only enhances the model of thought in which speed is everything and reflection is for those left behind. as young people increasingly fill their free hours with texting and other similarly fast-paced, attention-absorbing activities, the opportunities for sustained reflective thought will continue to fade. spiraling away from democratic vision o. today's public debates are dominated by the short and the concise, and influential commentators often seem to take pride in the assumption that nobody who disagrees with them can possibly have anything useful to say. as cass sunstein, now a white house adviser, points out in his splendid book republic.com, a crucial aspect of free speech is that it forces us, from time to time, to encounter a voice we do not expect to hear making a point we have not considered. we are spiraling rapidly away from that healthy democratic vision. the explosion of text messaging is certainly not a cause of the unhealthy political world we adults are passing on to our children. but it points to how far we are from a cure. 1. texting may benefit the texter in that the phone is away from the ear.
2、the young use mobile phones to specify their own social circle.
3、according to some surveys, young people said that they would rather text than converse.
4、we can think independently only if we spend time in reflection.
5、text messaging arose later in the united states than many other industrialized nations.
6、many an observer believes that text messaging has a great impact on the social world of teenagers and young adults.
7、due to the prevalence of texting, independent thinking may decline.
8、the explosion of texting takes us far away from the healthy political world.
9、when not allowed to text, a relatively small number of teens will not choose an alternate way of communication—talking.
10、over-texting results in many problems among the young, such as lack of sleep, illiteracy, and overeating.
王黎丽test
王黎丽test-阅读理解
1、communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. the first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. the fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to finding. jeff hancock of cornell university in ithaca, new york, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. in it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. he found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls. his results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in vienna, austria, in april, have surprised psychologists. some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication. but hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. people appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. this is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone. people are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says hancock. he found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “do you like my dress?” hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. for instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. but, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email. 1. hancock’s study focuses on ________. a、the consequences of lying in various communications media b、the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas c、people are less likely to lie in instant messages d、people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
2、2. hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________. a、a) people are less likely to lie in instant messages b、b) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions c、c) people are most likely to lie in email communication d、d) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations
3、according to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication? a、a) they are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies. b、b) they believe that honesty is the best policy. c、c) they tend to be relaxed when using those media. d、d) they are most practised at those forms of communication.
4、according to hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________. a、salesmen can talk directly to their customers b、salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate c、salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy d、salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively
5、it can be inferred from the passage that ________. a、a) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications b、b) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees c、c) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes d、d) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company